Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A tiletamine hydrochloride/zolazepam hydrochloride combination was used successfully to immobilize captive untamed wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) (n = 16) at dosage rates ranging from 2.3 to 32.3 mg/kg. Animals remained immobilized for periods ranging from 35 min to 24 hr 14 min. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01) between dosage rate and the time immobilized. Profuse salivation and intermittent mild myoclonal contractions were observed in some wild dogs. Mildly reduced partial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures as well as reduced concentrations of bicarbonate were observed in arterial blood at 10 and 20 min after administration of the drug. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, urea, creatinine, glucose, proteins, albumin, gammaglutamyltransferase, creatinine kinase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, insulin, cortisol and thyroxine are presented. These concentrations were found to be in agreement with values previously reported for wild dogs.
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PMID:Immobilization of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) with a tiletamine hydrochloride/zolazepam hydrochloride combination and subsequent evaluation of selected blood chemistry parameters. 206 44

The effects of soman poisoning on hematological (counts of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets and measurement of hematocrit) and coagulation parameters (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and concentrations of fibrinogen, factor V, factor VII, and factor XI) and serum biochemistry (concentration of albumin, protein, calcium, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, and creatinine and activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and amylase) were determined at 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours after poisoning of rabbits. There were significant (p less than 0.05) decreases in the RBC counts in all treatment groups that were measured initially at 4 hours and were reflected by parallel decreases in the hematocrit values. These changes were probably due to an increase in the hemolysis of the RBC rather than a decrease in the production of RBC. There were minor changes in the coagulation parameters. Generally, the fibrinogen content increased. The activated partial thromboplastin time decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) 24 and 48 hours after soman (50 micrograms/kg) poisoning. Blood cholinesterase values were significantly reduced in all treatment groups at all time periods. The CPK activity was increased after 4 and 24 hours in the 20 and 50 micrograms/kg soman groups. There were minor changes in the other biochemistry values, but none that showed a dose-response relationship; thus, they were considered to be of limited significance with regard to the toxic manifestations of soman exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of soman poisoning on hematology and coagulation parameters and serum biochemistry in rabbits. 212 98

The possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the biochemical differentiation of cultured neurons derived from the medial frontal part of the forebrain containing the septum-diagonal band region was studied in terms of the activities of enzymes important in the synthesis of neurotransmitter compounds. The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was used as a marker for cholinergic neurons, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) for GABAergic neurons and phosphate-activated glutaminase (GLNase) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASP-AT) for glutamatergic neurons, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was included as an ubiquitous enzyme. The exposure of cultures to a depolarizing concentration of K+ (40 mM) for the last 3 days (i.e. between 2 and 5 days in vitro) significantly enhanced the expression of ChAT, GAD and GLNase activities, but high K+ caused little alteration in the activities of ASP-AT and LDH. On the other hand, treatment with NMDA markedly elevated the specific activities of GAD and GLNase only, and the compound had no significant effects on the activities of ChAT, ASP-AT and LDH enzymes. The enhancements of the specific activities of GAD and GLNase were completely blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, and by the NMDA receptor-linked Ca2+ ion channel blocker, MK-801. On the basis of the present findings it is concluded that, (a) contrary to an earlier proposal, ASP-AT does not appear to be a good marker for the glutamatergic neurons, (b) the failure of the subcortical cholinergic neurons to respond by an increase in ChAT activity to NMDA may indicate that these nerve cells lack NMDA subtype excitatory amino acid receptors, and (c) as the septal GABAergic input in the hippocampus is involved in the modulation of long-term potentiation, the presence of NMDA receptors on these neurons would now suggest that NMDA receptors are linked to both the initiation and the modulation of hippocampal plasticity in the mammalian brain.
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PMID:Cell-type specific effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate on biochemical differentiation of subcortical neurons in culture. 214 34

One intraperitoneal dose of Candida albicans (10(8) CFU) caused a chronic (longer than 2 months), significant elevation of plasma fibrinogen levels (Clauss method) in mice of strain C3H/HeN. Even a small dose (10(6) CFU) resulted in a significant increase in fibrinogen level for 5 days following injection, whereas other blood parameters (leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, antithrombin III, glucose, calcium, and total protein) measured by standard methods were normal. Blood taken during this period was negative for C. albicans. The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in C. albicans infections was investigated by measuring the fibrinogen response after the administration of C. albicans or recombinant mouse TNF-alpha. Both challenges resulted in an elevated fibrinogen level. When polyclonal antibodies to mouse TNF-alpha were given prior to challenge with C. albicans or mouse TNF-alpha, the fibrinogen increase was significantly inhibited. C. albicans injections were found to significantly elevate endogenous TNF levels in mice (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). It was concluded that C. albicans induces TNF in the mouse. Furthermore, these data give evidence which supports a relationship between TNF and the fibrinogen increase induced by C. albicans.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is induced in mice by Candida albicans: role of TNF in fibrinogen increase. 220 37

Effects of dietary aflatoxin (AF) and T-2 toxin, singly and in combination, were evaluated in growing crossbred (Yorkshire x Landrace x Hampshire) pigs. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatment groups of 6 barrows each fed diets containing 0 mg of AF and T-2/kg of feed (controls; group 1), 2.5 mg of AF/kg of feed (group 2), 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (group 3), or 2.5 mg of AF plus 10 mg of T-2/kg of feed (AF + T-2; group 4) ad libitum for 28 days (7 to 11 weeks of age). Production performance, and serum biochemical, and hematologic evaluations were made weekly. Body weight and body weight gain were depressed by all toxin treatments, but the effect of AF and T-2 toxin in combination was less than additive. Liver and kidney weights, as a percentage of body weight, were increased by AF treatment, and heart weight, as a percentage of body weight, was increased by T-2 treatment. Treatment with T-2 toxin induced necrotizing contact dermatitis on the snout, buccal commissures, and prepuce. Consumption of AF resulted in increased serum activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, cholinesterase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Consumption of T-2 toxin resulted in increased serum triglyceride concentration and decreased serum iron concentration. Treatment with AF induced lower serum unsaturated iron-binding capacity and high RBC count, PCV, hemoglobin concentration, WBC count, and prothrombin time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. 224 Jul 92

This investigation presents disturbances of the mitochondrial metabolism by arsenite, a hydrophilic dithiol reagent known as an inhibitor of mitochondrial alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases. Arsenite at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 mM was shown to induce a considerable oxidation of intramitochondrial NADPH, NADH, and glutathione without decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. The oxidation of NAD(P)H required the presence of phosphate and was sensitive to ruthenium red, but occurred without the addition of calcium salts. Mitochondrial reactions producing alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate and isocitrate were modulated by arsenite through various mechanisms: (i) both glutamate transaminations, with oxaloacetate and with pyruvate, were inhibited by accumulating alpha-ketoglutarate; however, at low concentrations of alpha-ketoglutarate the aspartate aminotransferase reaction was stimulated due to the increase of NAD+ content; (ii) the oxidation of isocitrate was stimulated at its low concentration only, due to the oxidation of NADPH and NADH; this oxidation was prevented by concentrations of citrate or isocitrate greater than 1 mM; (iii) the conversion of isocitrate to citrate was suppressed, presumably as a result of the decrease of Mg2+ concentration in mitochondria. Thus the depletion of mitochondrial vicinal thiol groups in hydrophilic domains disturbs the mitochondrial metabolism not only by the inhibition of alpha-keto acid dehydrogenases but also by the oxidation of NAD(P)H and, possibly, by the change in the ion concentrations.
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PMID:A complex effect of arsenite on the formation of alpha-ketoglutarate in rat liver mitochondria. 227 50

Short-course 'sprint' triathlons have become popular in recent years, often as a precursor to the longer full-course triathlons. We undertook a study investigating the haematological and biochemical changes that occur in novice triathletes between the start and finish and after each of the three legs of a short sprint triathlon involving swimming, cycling and running. The changes that occurred in the triathlon included a significant (P less than 0.003) decrease in weight from 71.7 kg, SD 7.9 to 70.3 kg, SD 7.6. Throughout the time span of the triathlon, the white blood cell count increased significantly (P less than 0.001), as did the platelet count (P less than 0.005) and plateletcrit (P less than 0.001). There were no significant changes during the period of the race in any of the other haematological variables measured. The biochemical variables measured were glucose, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, calcium, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase. Triglyceride, calcium and potassium values did not change between the pre- and post-race samplings. All other biochemical parameters showed a significant change (P less than 0.05 or better). Changes that occurred in the haematological and biochemical parameters between stages were many and varied. There was also a significant change in plasma volume during the swimming event (P less than 0.001), but this returned to normal during the later stages of the triathlon. In conclusion the changes that occurred during the triathlon were many and were similar to those reported elsewhere in the literature for longer events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hematological and biochemical changes during a short triathlon competition in novice triathletes. 228 4

Quality-control (QC) procedures (i.e., decision rules used, numbers of control measurements collected per run) have been selected for individual tests of a multitest analyzer, to see that clinical or "medical usefulness" requirements for quality are met. The approach for designing appropriate QC procedures includes the following steps: (a) defining requirements for quality in the form of the "total allowable analytical error" for each test, (b) determining the imprecision of each measurement procedure, (c) calculating the medically important systematic and random errors for each test, and (d) assessing the probabilities for error detection and false rejection for candidate control procedures. In applying this approach to the Hitachi 737 analyzer, a design objective of 90% (or greater) detection of systematic errors was met for most tests (sodium, potassium, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) by use of 3.5s control limits with two control measurements per run (N). For the remaining tests (albumin, chloride, total CO2, calcium), requirements for QC procedures were more stringent, and 2.5s limits (with N = 2) were selected.
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PMID:Selection of medically useful quality-control procedures for individual tests done in a multitest analytical system. 230 66

Selected serum constituents were analyzed from 50 adult mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) of both sexes during several stages of reproduction: pre-egg laying, egg laying, incubating, molting, and postreproductive. Similar assays were conducted on sera from ducklings aged 5 to 58 days. Values for total protein (TPR), albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), calcium (CA), phosphorus (PHOS) and magnesium (MG) differed by sex. When all data were combined and analyzed for sex-related differences within each reproductive condition separately, all assays except lactate dehydrogenase (LD-L), cholinesterase (CHE), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CRN) and direct bilirubin (BIDI) differed between sexes during one or more reproductive periods. Each assay showed differences among the various reproductive conditions regardless of gender. The pattern of change differed between sexes. All assays except ALB, GLU, CA and MG showed age-related changes. Lipemia in the sample interfered with all chemistries except TPR, LD-L and CA. Results indicate that when using clinical chemistry as a diagnostic tool in the mallard, age and reproductive condition should be determined in order to compare the data to appropriate control values.
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PMID:Changes in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) serum chemistry due to age, sex, and reproductive condition. 230 2

As part of a study of the pathology and pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever virus infection 44 cattle were infected by the intravenous injection of virulent virus. Thirty-eight animals responded clinically and detailed haematological and serological data were obtained from 10 of them. Inappetence was the only clinical sign observed before the onset of fever. The temperature response was characteristically biphasic, with the second peak occurring 12 to 24 hours after the first. The only consistent haematological response was an increase in the numbers of circulating neutrophils with a concurrent decline in the numbers of mononuclear leucocytes. There were no detectable changes in plasma or blood volume, packed cell volume, red cell count, haemoglobin concentration, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and creatinine concentrations, or aspartate aminotransferase activity. Viraemia was demonstrated on either the first or second day of clinical disease and lasted for at most 48 hours. Low levels of neutralising antibody could be detected within one or two days after the cessation of viraemia. Six antibody-free animals did not respond clinically to injection with virulent virus, and did not develop detectable viraemia or a serum neutralising antibody response.
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PMID:Clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus. 230 90


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