Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of fly ash inhalation (4h daily, 5 days a week) for 28 days on the deposition of metal ions and histopathological changes in the liver and serum clinical enzymes has been studied. The results showed an increase in the concentration of metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) in the tissues of exposed rats. The level of metals varied from metal to metal and from organ to organ. Level of serum enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were increased in fly ash exposed rats using whole body inhalation exposure as compared to sham controls. Histopathological studies of rat liver exposed to fly ash revealed infiltration of mononuclear cells in and around the portal triads, which seems to be laden with fly ash particles. Hepatocytes showed necrotic changes such as pyknotic nuclei, karyorrhexis, and karyolytic. These changes were more towards the centrolobular areas than the midzonal and periportal areas. These findings demonstrate that the toxic metals of inhaled fly ash in rats may get translocated into extrapulmonary organs, become deposited and hence may manifest their toxic effects on different tissues.
 ...
PMID:Effect of fly ash inhalation on biochemical and histomorphological changes in rat liver. 1716 87

The protective efficacy of diallyl tetrasulfide (DTS) from garlic on liver injury induced by cadmium (Cd) was investigated. In this study, Cd (3 mg/kg body weight) was administered subcutaneously for 3 weeks to induce toxicity. DTS was administered orally (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) for 3 weeks with subcutaneous (sc) injection of Cd. Cd-induced liver damage was evidenced from increased activities of serum hepatic enzymes, namely aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, with significant elevation of lipid peroxidation indices (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides) and protein carbonyl groups in the liver. Rats subjected to Cd toxicity also showed a decline in the levels of total thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E, accompanied by an increased accumulation of Cd, and significantly decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver. Administration of DTS at 40 mg/kg body weight significantly normalised the activities of hepatic marker enzymes, compared to other doses of DTS (10 and 20 mg/kg body weight). In addition, DTS (40 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced the accumulation of Cd and the level of lipid peroxidation, and restored the level of antioxidant defense in the liver. Histological studies also showed that administration of DTS to Cd-treated rats resulted in a marked improvement of hepatocytes morphology with mild portal inflammation. Our results suggest that DTS might play a vital role in protecting Cd-induced oxidative damage in the liver.
 ...
PMID:Effects of diallyl tetrasulfide on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in the liver of rats. 1769 48

The present study was carried to evaluate the protective effects of melatonin alone and vitamin E with selenium combination against high dose cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rats. The control group received subcutaneous physiological saline. The first study group administered cadmium chloride (CdCl2) by subcutaneous injection of dose of 1 mg/kg. The second study group administered cadmium plus vitamin E with selenium (1 mg/kg sodium selenite with 60 mg/kg vitamin E); the third study group administered cadmium plus 10 mg/kg melatonin (MLT); the fourth study group administered CdCl2 plus a combination of melatonin in addition to vitamin E and selenium for a month. Determination levels of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), blood superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatinine alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urea were measured in serum. In only CdCl2 administered group, the MDA, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, and urea levels in the serum were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Whereas in all other groups, this values were significantly lower than the only CdCl2 administered group (p < 0.05). Erythrocytes GSH-Px, serum SOD activities of only CdCl2 received group were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, vitamin E + Se, melatonin and vitamin E, and Se, in addition to MLT combinations, had protective effects against high dose cadmium-induced oxidative damage.
 ...
PMID:Effects of selenium and vitamin E, in addition to melatonin, against oxidative stress caused by cadmium in rats. 1787 55

In the current study, we examined whether subchronic exposure via drinking water to low doses of a mixture of metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, manganese, iron, and nickel), found as contaminants in various water sources of India, and to concentrations equivalent to WHO maximum permissible limits (MPL) in drinking water for individual metals, can alter systemic physiology of male rats. Data on water contamination with metals in India were collected from the literature and metals were selected on the basis of their frequency of occurrence and contamination level above MPL. Male Wistar rats were exposed to the mixture at 0, 1, 10, and 100 times the mode concentrations (the most frequently occurring concentration) of the individual metals via drinking water for 90 days. One more group of rats was exposed to the mixture at a concentration equivalent to the MPL (WHO) in drinking water for individual metals. Toxic potential of the mixture was evaluated by assessing general toxicological end points, serum chemistry and histopathology of vital organs. The mixture decreased body weight and water consumption and increased weights of brain, liver, and kidneys with 10x and 100x doses. After 30 days of exposure, no appreciable changes were found in any blood clinical markers. After 60 days, only the 100x dose, while after 90 days both 10x and 100x doses increased activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase and levels of urea nitrogen and creatinine and decreased total protein and albumin levels, but alanine aminotransferase activity and glucose level were not affected. At 10x and 100x exposure levels, qualitatively similar, but dose-dependent vascular, degenerative, and necrotic changes were observed in brain, liver, and kidney. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to the metal mixture affected general health of male rats by altering the functional and structural integrity of kidney, liver, and brain at 10 and 100 times the mode concentrations of the individual metals in Indian water sources, but exposure at mode concentrations of contemporary water contamination levels or at concentrations equivalent to the MPL for individual metals in drinking water may not cause any health hazards in male rats.
 ...
PMID:Effects of subchronic exposure via drinking water to a mixture of eight water-contaminating metals: a biochemical and histopathological study in male rats. 1788 70

In this study, we investigate the effects of exposure to cadmium and copper on Lymnaea natalensis and Helisoma duryi. The snails were dosed with Cd2+ or Cu2+ for a period of 96h. Snails dosed with Cd accumulated the metal significantly (P<0.05) in tissues but not in shells. Mortality was observed at approximately 1mg Cd/l of culture water. In tissues and shells of snails dosed with Cd or Cu, synergistic and antagonistic metal-metal interactions involving Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb were observed and these may affect metal toxicity. Glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were assayed in whole snail tissue sub-cellular fractions of Cd-dosed snails. Generally, enzyme activity significantly increased at lower concentrations of Cd but decreased at high concentrations of the metal. However, mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase activity progressively declined with increasing Cd concentration. The changes in some of the enzymes' activities suggest biomarker potential.
 ...
PMID:Potential marker enzymes and metal-metal interactions in Helisoma duryi and Lymnaea natalensis exposed to cadmium. 1791 23

Cadmium is an environmental toxic metal implicated in human diseases. In the present study, the effect of diphenyl diselenide, (PhSe)(2), on sub-chronic exposure with cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)) was investigated in rats. Male adult Swiss albino rats received CdCl(2) (10 micromol/kg, orally) and (PhSe)(2) (5 micromol/kg, orally) for a period of 30 days. A number of parameters were examined as indicators of toxicity, including hepatic and renal damage, glucose and glycogen levels and markers of oxidative stress. Cadmium content, liver histology, delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (delta-ALA-D) activity, metallothionein (MT) levels were also evaluated. Cadmium content determined in the tissue of rats exposed to CdCl(2) provides evidence that the liver is the major cadmium target where (PhSe)(2) acts. The concentration of cadmium in liver was about three fold higher than that in kidney, and (PhSe)(2) reduced about six fold the levels of this metal in liver of rats exposed. Rats exposed to CdCl(2) showed histological alterations abolished by (PhSe)(2) administration. (PhSe)(2) administration ameliorated plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities increased by CdCl(2) exposure. Urea and bilirubin levels increased by CdCl(2) exposure were also reduced by (PhSe)(2). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that co-treatment with (PhSe)(2) ameliorated hepatotoxicity and cellular damage in rat liver after sub-chronic exposure with CdCl(2). The proposed mechanisms by which (PhSe)(2) acts in this experimental protocol are its antioxidant properties and its capacity to form a complex with cadmium.
 ...
PMID:Oral administration of diphenyl diselenide protects against cadmium-induced liver damage in rats. 1795 Jul 19

Fish serum may reflect status of many biochemical processes in the metabolism. Heavy metals, as environmental stressors, may alter serum biochemical parameters in fishes. Thus, freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, were exposed to low levels (0.05 mg/L) of metals (silver [Ag], cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], zinc [Zn]) to investigate responses of serum biochemical parameters over different exposure periods (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 d). Fish mortality occurred only in Ag exposure, as all fish died between days 12 to 16. Activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were altered only in Cu- and Cd-exposed fish. Both Cd and Cu exposures decreased the activity of ALP, although they increased the activities of ALT and AST. Glucose concentrations increased in Ag-, Cd-, and Cu-exposed fish, with a sharp increase occurring in Ag-exposed fish before mortality began. Total protein and triglyceride concentrations increased in Ag-exposed fish, although they decreased in Cu-exposed ones. However, all metal exposures increased cholesterol concentration in the serum. Concentration of blood urea nitrogen increased in Ag-, Cd-, and Cu-exposed fish, although it decreased in Cr-exposed ones. Calcium level decreased only in Cu-exposed fish, and Cl(-) level decreased in Ag-exposed fish. Silver and Cu exposures also decreased Na(+) level in the serum. Cadmium and Cu exposures increased serum K(+) levels. The present study, investigating the effects of environmentally realistic metal exposures on serum biochemical parameters, demonstrated that fish serum could sensitively reflect environmental metal stress. Thus, it suggests that serum biochemical parameters could be used as important and sensitive biomarkers in ecotoxicological studies concerning the effects of metal contamination and fish health.
 ...
PMID:Changes in serum biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following prolonged metal (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn) exposures. 1834 36

The purpose of this study was to examine concentrations of selected heavy metals in the liver and kidney of brown hares (Lepus europaeus). In addition, correlations between heavy metals and biochemical parameters in blood plasma were determined. The average concentrations of heavy metals (mmol/L) +/- SD were as follows: liver: Pb 0.221 +/- 0.189, Cd 0.160 +/- 0.140, Hg 0.021 +/- 0.030, kidney: Pb 0.115 +/- 0.125, Cd 1.570 +/- 1.103, Hg 0.030 +/- 0.053. The average concentrations of biochemical parameters in the blood plasma were as follows: Ca 3.16 mmol/L, P 2.19 mmol/L, Mg 1.40 mmol/L, Na 148.71 mmol/L, K 8.12 mmol/L, glucose 6.56 mmol/L, total proteins 56.49 g/L, urea 5.00 mmol/L, total lipids 1.40 g/L, bilirubin 3.97 micro mol/L, cholesterol 1.53 mmol/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 6.06 micro kat/L and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 1.94 micro kat/L. Average levels of hormones (ng/mL) were as follows: testosterone 2.94, androstendiol 0.13, estradiol 501.59, progesterone 6.63, oxytocin 328.60. Tissue analysis showed an accumulation of lead, cadmium and mercury in the liver and kidney of brown hares. There were no significant correlations between levels of heavy metals in liver, kidney, and biochemical parameters.
 ...
PMID:Environmental levels of cadmium, lead and mercury in brown hares and their relation to blood metabolic parameters. 1839 73

Licorice is commonly used as a cure for digestive disorders and as a detoxification agent in East Asia. This study investigated the protective effect of licorice water extract against cadmium (CdCl(2), Cd)-induced liver toxicity in rats. To induce acute toxicity, Cd (4 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and intravenously (i.v.) injected into rats. The rats then received either a vehicle or licorice water extract (50, 100 mg/kg/day) for 3 days, and were subsequently exposed to a single injection of Cd 24 h after the last licorice/vehicle treatment. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased by Cd treatment. In contrast, pretreatment with licorice reduced ALT, AST and LDH. In histopathological analysis, licorice decreased the central necrosis around central veins, the peripheral hemorrhage around portal triads, the percentage of degenerative hepatic regions (%/mm(2) hepatic parenchyma) and the number of degenerative hepatic cells (N/100 hepatic cells). Licorice also inhibited the increment of Bad (a BH3 domain-containing protein) translocation by Cd in liver cells. These results demonstrate that licorice could have a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting the translocation of Bad to the mitochondria in Cd-intoxificated rats.
 ...
PMID:Hepatoprotective Activity of Licorice Water Extract against Cadmium-induced Toxicity in Rats. 1895 29

The hepatoprotective effect of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative damage in rats is reported. Control group received double-distilled water alone. Cd group was challenged with 3CdSO(4).8H(2)O (as Cd; 1.5 mg/kg bw per day per oral) alone, while extract-treated groups were pretreated with varied doses of onion and/or garlic extract (0.5 and 1.0 ml/100 g bw per day per oral) for a week and thereafter co-treated with Cd (1.5 mg/kg bw per day per oral) for 3 weeks. Cd caused a marked (p < 0.001) increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation and glutathione S-transferase, whereas glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were decreased in the liver. We also observed a decrease in hepatic activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase and a concomitant increase in the plasma activities of ALT and AST. Onion and garlic extracts significantly attenuated these adverse effects of Cd. Onion extract proffered a dose-dependent hepatoprotection. Our study showed that Cd-induced oxidative damage in rat liver is amenable to attenuation by high dose of onion and moderate dose of garlic extracts possibly via reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant defense system that is insufficient to prevent and protect Cd-induced hepatotoxicity.
 ...
PMID:Hepatoprotective potentials of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats. 1908 32


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>