Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three groups of 5 pigs each were fed a high selenium (Se) diet by mixing either Astragalus praelongus (31.6 ppm Se in feed), A bisulcatus (31.7 ppm Se in feed), or sodium selenate (26.6 ppm Se in feed) with commercial hog feed. Ten control pigs were fed only commercial hog chow containing trace selenium (0.44 ppm Se). Pigs were fed for 9 weeks and necropsied when they had ataxia or paralysis. Blood was collected for hematologic and serum biochemical determinations, and samples of various tissues were collected and fixed in neutral-buffered 10% formalin for histologic evaluation or frozen for determination of selenium concentration. All forms of selenium induced clinical signs of weight and hair loss, with cracked hooves and inflamed coronary bands developing in all Na2SeO4-fed pigs and 1 A praelongus-fed pig, but not in A bisulcatus-fed pigs. Serum calcium, phosphorus, and albumin concentrations were unchanged or significantly decreased from prefeeding values in groups fed selenium. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST) activities in Astragalus species-fed groups, and amylase activities and PCV in all groups of pigs fed selenium, were increased. Serum alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase activities were significantly increased in the A praelongus-fed pigs and significantly decreased in Na2SeO4-fed pigs. Terminal tissue and body fluid selenium concentrations were determined in all groups of pigs fed selenium and compared with values in control pigs. Urine and bile concentrations were increased by the greatest factor (40 to 100x), with tissue concentrations of selenium increased by a lesser factor (6 to 17x).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Toxicosis in pigs fed selenium-accumulating Astragalus plant species or sodium selenate. 278 23

It is a fairly common practice to issue biochemical results of multichannel analysers containing many analytes, irrespective of the number of tests requested by the physician. Abnormal results in such profiles may occur from presentation of artefacted blood samples; it is sometimes not possible to differentiate the abnormality arising as a result of pathological process from that due to a poor sample quality. In this study normal volunteers were studied to examine changes occurring when centrifugation was delayed for a few hours to a few days. Analyses on stored serum samples over the same period were also studied. If haemolysis is present, lactate dehydrogenase (hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase), aspartate transaminase, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and creatinine estimations are not valid. Accurate data, however, can be obtained on sodium, urea, proteins, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transferase. The very concept of efficient and cost-effective testing by multichannel profiles may generate further unnecessary investigations with a consequent waste of health service resources if pre-analytical factors are not taken into consideration.
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PMID:Delay in centrifugation and measurement of serum constituents in normal subjects. 280 69

Metabolic and hormonal responses of eight adult male collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) to an ad libitum diet intake, or 25% of an ad libitum intake, were examined. Blood samples for hematological, serum-biochemical and hormonal profiles were collected at three week intervals during the nine week experiment starting 4 August 1983. Males fed on the restricted diet lost an average of 26% of their body weight during the trial, compared to a slight weight gain for those fed ad libitum. Characteristics of the red and white blood cell populations were not influenced by diet intake, with the exception of mean corpuscular volume, which was consistently lower amongst males fed on the restricted diet. Restricted food intake resulted in significantly elevated serum values for urea nitrogen, urea nitrogen:creatinine, urea index, alpha globulin:beta globulin, gamma globulin:albumin, nonesterified fatty acids, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase isozymes (LD1 and LD2). Restricted food intake resulted in significantly lowered serum values for total alpha globulin, alpha-1 globulin, total beta globulin, beta-1 globulin, beta-2 globulin, glucose, triglycerides, calcium, magnesium, sodium, chloride, copper and triiodothyronine. Serum levels of creatinine, total protein, albumin, alpha-2 globulin, uric acid, total bilirubin, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorus, calcium:phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc and thyroxine were unaffected by diet intake level. Semen evaluation indicated spermatogenesis was not affected by dietary restriction despite reductions in scrotal circumference and ejaculate gel volume. Serum testosterone levels were significantly lower among males fed on the restricted diet after nine weeks. These data suggest male libido might be depressed during poor range conditions, while maintenance of spermatogenesis might permit them to take immediate advantage of improved range conditions. Blood analysis of metabolic and hormonal function can provide useful information for predicting the adult male's nutritional and reproductive condition.
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PMID:Physiological responses of the adult male collared peccary, Tayassu tajacu (Tayassuidae), to severe dietary restriction. 286 11

In order to examine whether L-aspartate and L-glutamate are photoreceptor transmitters in monkey retina, we have carried out two different studies: an autoradiographic localization of the high-affinity uptake sites for aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu), and an immunocytochemical localization of the biosynthetic enzyme, L-aspartate aminotransferase (AAT). Our results show that L-Glu is taken up by a sodium-dependent, high-affinity uptake system with a Km = 8 +/- 3.5 X 10(-6) M and a Vmax = 48 +/- 14 X 10(-12) mol/min/mg protein; 3H-L-Glu or 3H-L- and D-Asp are taken up and accumulated by rod somata and inner segments in retinas incubated at 37 degrees C or at ambient temperature; cones accumulate 3H-L-Glu at ambient temperature but not at 37 degrees C. Neither 3H-L-Asp nor D-Asp is accumulated by cones at either temperature; rods and cones show the same labeling pattern irrespective of whether they are located in the central or peripheral retina; and antiserum to AAT preferentially stains the cone somata, inner segments, and synaptic pedicles, while the outer segments are negative. Both foveal and peripheral cones are strongly reactive, but rods show little reactivity. These findings point to the existence of major differences between rods and cones in the uptake and metabolism of L-Asp and L-Glu and are consistent with L-Glu being a cone transmitter in the monkey retina.
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PMID:L-glutamate: a neurotransmitter candidate for cone photoreceptors in the monkey retina. 287 Jan 38

The plasma electrolytes, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and osmolarities had high values in capture-stressed big gamefish. Blood metabolites measured after stress showed glucose and lactate elevations. The activity of the plasma enzymes alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase suggested tissue disruptions following severe capture stress. Haematocrit values and methaemoglobin were high in capture-stressed gamefish. The plasma chemistry of resting and capture-stressed snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) was studied for comparison. Specific differences in plasma biochemistry appeared to be the result of different strategies of fish behaviour during capture.
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PMID:Physiological stress responses in big gamefish after capture: observations on plasma chemistry and blood factors. 287 36

The average biological intra-individual CV in 20 patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), estimated for 14 analytes during a stationary phase, significantly exceeded that for a normal group in the cases of Na+, K+, Cl-, total protein, albumin, cholinesterase, hemoglobin, and alpha-amylase; it did not differ significantly from the normal group for cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminopeptidase; and it was significantly lower than in the normal group for alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There were no significant sex-related differences in mean intra-individual variation in CLD patients. Individual values were gaussian-distributed for all analytes, including enzymes. The estimated biological component of intra-individual variation and the analytical variation as determined for each laboratory can be used to derive decision-making criteria in monitoring CLD.
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PMID:Intra-individual variation of analytes in serum from patients with chronic liver diseases. 288 11

The administration of sodium N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine (NaG) at 500 mg/kg, i.p., or sodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) at 632.5 mg/kg, i.p., reduces the serum enzyme levels characteristic of hepatic damage following the intravenous administration of cadmium chloride (3.5 mg CdCl2.2.5H2O/kg). Some effect on serum enzyme levels was found even when the interval between administration of cadmium chloride and that of the antagonist was as great as 4 h. The enzymes examined included aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (AP). A histopathological examination of the livers of such animals also reveals the presence of a significant protective action.
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PMID:Chelating-agent suppression of cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. 289 Jul 68

Experiments were undertaken to examine the ability of selenium to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and to examine possible mechanisms for this protective effect. Pretreatment of male, Sprague-Dawley rats with sodium selenite (12.5 mumol Se/kg, ip) 24 hr prior to acetaminophen administration produced a significant protection against the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen as assessed by a decrease in the plasma appearance of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities following acetaminophen. This was accompanied by an increase in the hepatic glutathione levels in selenium-treated animals and an inhibition in the decrease in hepatic glutathione content observed in animals receiving hepatotoxic doses of acetaminophen. Selenium pretreatment decreased the in vivo covalent binding of acetaminophen metabolites to hepatic protein, but did not alter hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content or NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity, suggesting that selenium does not significantly alter the metabolism of acetaminophen to reactive electrophilic metabolites by the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Selenium produced an increase in the activity of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase which may account for the increased glutathione availability in selenium-treated animals and increased the activities of glutathione S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Examination of the urinary metabolite profile in selenium-treated animals revealed that the urinary excretion of acetaminophen and its metabolites was significantly increased over a 72-hr period. The increase occurred in the AAP-glucuronide metabolite while parent AAP and AAP-sulfate were actually decreased in selenium-treated rats. No change in recovery was observed in the AAP-glutathione or AAP-mercapturate urinary metabolites. While the glutathione conjugating system is enhanced by selenium treatment, amelioration of acetaminophen toxicity is most likely the result of enhanced glucuronidation which effectively diverts the amount of acetaminophen to be converted by the cytochrome P-450 system to the toxic metabolite.
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PMID:Protective effects of selenium on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. 290 Nov 47

Patients with proximal stomas or high fistulas and defunctionalized intestine who are receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) often develop hepatic enzyme abnormalities and hyperbilirubinemia. A technique was developed to collect intestinal secretions from proximal stoma and to reinfuse these secretions into the distal part of the intestine. This technique was applied in eight patients with a disrupted intestinal tract. A significant decrease (p less than 0.05) in elevated serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels was observed. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels did not change significantly. The plasma sodium levels, slightly subnormal before reinfusion (131.0 +/- 4.6 millimolar per liter), despite enormous supplementation, normalized during reinfusion (137.0 +/- 4.0 millimolar per liter). TPN was continued during this infusion. This suggests that TPN by itself does not cause intrahepatic cholestasis. Neither could it be explained by an effect of secondary bile acids because these were most likely not produced as bile did not reach the distal defunctionalized intestine. Three possible mechanisms are suggested. Restoration of passage in the distal intestine may diminish bacterial overgrowth, endotoxin production and absorption. Enlargement of the bile acid pool may diminish the susceptibility of the liver to the deleterious effects of endotoxins. We advocate this reinfusion technique to overcome the metabolic disturbances occurring in those patients with high-output stomas or fistulas arising from the proximal parts of the small intestine.
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PMID:Reinfusion of secretions from high-output proximal stomas or fistulas. 290 95

A 3-year-old mare repeatedly had clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis on mild exertion. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were high at rest. Responses to dietary sodium bicarbonate were tested through 7 alternating periods of supplementation of a basal ration of timothy hay and oats. Physical signs; venous blood pH and gases; blood glucose and lactate; serum electrolytes, enzymes, and creatinine; and urine pH were monitored before and after exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate raised resting venous blood pH and bicarbonate slightly and significantly increased urine pH from pH 7.46 to 8.2 (P less than 0.001). An exercise test included 5 minutes at the walk followed by 20 minutes at the trot. The exercise induced gait stiffness, muscle fasciculations, and muscle induration when the diet was not supplemented, but not when it was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. Myoglobin was present in 16 of 21 urine samples after exercise during nonsupplemented periods, but only in 3 of 28 urine samples during supplemented periods (P less than 0.0001). Bicarbonate supplementation significantly decreased the responses of blood lactic acid, serum creatine kinase, and aspartate transaminase to exercise. Supplementation of the diet was associated with higher venous blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentrations throughout exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate apparently mitigated or prevented physical, chemical, and enzymatic characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis in this mare, possibly through its enhancement of buffering capacity in muscle tissue fluids.
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PMID:Dietary sodium bicarbonate as a treatment for exertional rhabdomyolysis in a horse. 300 12


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