Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

No interactions related to the analytical method were observed between chlorpromazine (1) or carbamazepine (2) and activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). With respect to its cytotoxic potential 1 in cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes increased markedly the release of enzymes into the culture medium, whereas the overall activities of the enzymes were not influenced. 2 in cultured hepatocytes caused no significant effects on the activities of the enzymes investigated. Besides the investigation of methodically related interactions in pooled human serum the methodic procedure including the use of cultures of isolated hepatocytes allows to study also pharmacologically and toxicologically related interactions between drugs and diagnostically relevant liver enzymes.
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PMID:[The effect of chlorpromazine and carbamazepine on diagnostically relevant liver enzymes]. 208 Feb 2

Two decades of research in ethanol metabolism have culminated in the molecular elucidation of an ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450IIE1) which is not only involved with ethanol metabolism and ethanol tolerance, but also with the activation of a number of xenobiotics. The unique ability of P450IIE1 to activate xenobiotic agents now appears to be responsible for the increased susceptibility of the heavy drinker to hepatotoxic industrial solvents, commonly used drugs, over-the-counter medications and chemical carcinogens. It also explains some of the interaction of ethanol with nutritional factors, such as hepatic vitamin A: enhanced microsomal degradation of retinoids (together with hepatic mobilisation) promotes depletion. Treatment, however, is complicated by the fact that ethanol also enhances the toxicity of excess vitamin A. All pathways of ethanol metabolism result in the production of acetaldehyde, the toxicity of which has been reviewed (Lieber 1982). New aspects discussed here include the formation of acetaldehyde-protein adducts and an associated immune response that may play a pathogenic role. Also discussed are the implications of ethanol-induced alterations in microtubules, mitochondria and plasma membranes, as they relate, in part, to accompanying acetaldehyde-induced toxicity, to the production of free radicals or to lipid peroxidation-mediated injury associated with glutathione depletion. There is also depletion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe). Administration of synthetic SAMe results in a partial correction of the SAMe depletion and a consequent restoration of glutathione levels. Other beneficial effects of SAMe include a significant attenuation of the increase in plasma aspartate transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase activities. Mitochondrial damage, including giant forms, documented by light and electron microscopy, is also attenuated by SAMe. Thus, the new understanding of the pathophysiology of alcohol-induced liver damage has led to more successful therapy with drugs and nutritional factors.
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PMID:Interaction of alcohol with other drugs and nutrients. Implication for the therapy of alcoholic liver disease. 208 78

Catalytic enzyme histochemistry offers the possibility to demonstrate enzymes qualitatively and their activities quantitatively in brain sections at those sites where they are localized. To get an appropriate histochemical demonstration of enzymes, requirements are to be fulfilled with respect to the preparation of brain tissue, the detection methods, and the incubation conditions. For enzyme demonstration at the light microscopic level, brain tissue should be frozen as quickly as possible and for those at the electron microscopic level perfusion fixation using low concentrations of aldehydes seems to be best suited. The detection of enzymes in brain sections is preferentially performed by the so-called precipitation reactions with metallic ions, the tetrazolium and the diaminobenzidine methods. The application of these methods was shown in the example of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase. In the detection of enzymes incubation conditions should be chosen so that soluble enzymes cannot diffuse out of the sections into the incubation media and that the activities of enzymes are completely demonstrated. On the whole, all the precipitation reactions result in a water-insoluble reaction product which is precipitated at the enzymatic sites in brain sections. Finally, it is shown that scanning microphotometry is a valuable tool for the quantification of enzyme activities in brain sections. It is concluded that catalytic enzyme histochemistry using improved detection methods could be a source of results complementary to those provided by immunocytochemistry and microchemistry.
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PMID:Enzyme histochemical methods applied in the brain. 224 27

Although plants containing hydrolysable tannins can be hepatotoxic, such poisoning has not been reported in Indonesia despite the presence of these plants. In order to determine the hepatotoxic potential of Indonesian plants, goats were intoxicated experimentally with the Indonesian plant Climedia hirta (harendong), which contained 19% hydrolysable tannin. The prophylactic effect of Ca(OH)2 supplementation on the disease was also examined. Two groups of goats were fed for 28 days with grain-based pellets containing 50% harendong leaf or 50% harendong leaf + 8% Ca(OH)2. Two control groups were fed similar pellets containing 50% of the non-toxic elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with and without 8% Ca(OH)2. Serum enzymes indicative of liver damage were monitored during the experiment and histopathological examination of selected tissues was done at the conclusion of the experiment. In goats given unsupplemented harendong pellets there was a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase from 50.2 and 20.6 U l-1 to 219.6 and 63.3 U l-1, respectively. These changes were associated with moderate to severe nuclear plemorphism, vacuolation and megalocytosis of hepatocytes and deposits of brown pigment in the Kupffer cells. There was also nephrosis of the renal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts, abomasitis and enteritis. Biochemical and histological changes were reduced significantly in the harendong + Ca(OH)2 group and virtually absent from control groups. It is concluded that hydrolysable tannins in harendong leaf are hepato- and nephrotoxic and associated with gastroenteritis, but that poisoning may be ameliorated by Ca(OH)2 supplementation.
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PMID:Prevention of hydrolysable tannin toxicity in goats fed Clidemia hirta by calcium hydroxide supplementation. 225 83

During an ultra-long-distance race (1000 km in 20 days) the influence of running was examined on the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) with regard to their release from the liver cells or their induction. Furthermore the liver synthetic capacity was assayed by measuring the enzyme activity of cholinesterase and the concentration of serum albumin during the race. Of the 110 participants, 55 finished the race and only the results of these runners were used in our study. AP increased continuously from day 0 (mean = 102 U/L) to day 19 (mean = 120 U/L). A fivefold increase of AST and a twentyfold increase of CK up to day 3 was followed by a significant decrease towards the end of the race. ALT rose as well up to day 6 from a mean value of 8 U/L to 24 U/L but remained at this level. Surprising was the individual increase of the enzymes GLDH (up to twentyfold) and GGT (up to sixfold) in more than half of the finishers on various days indicating liver cell injuries. The activity of CHE and the concentration of serum albumin decreased during the race, both were significantly correlated.
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PMID:Ultra-long-distance running and the liver. 228 82

The effect of fatty infiltration on liver function was studied in 29 dairy cows aged 6 +/- 0.4 (SEM) years with primary acetonaemia, secondary acetonaemia or the fat cow syndrome. The average interval from calving at diagnosis was 16.4 +/- 2.0 days and the animals had been anorexic for a mean of 5.6 +/- 0.8 days. Fatty infiltration of the liver occurred well before calving and was associated with severe clinical illness and intercurrent infections. The percentage of fatty infiltration in the liver (mean 53.1 +/- 2.8 per cent) was significantly correlated with both the degree of clinical illness (P less than 0.001) and the period of anorexia (P less than 0.05). Alterations in uptake, conjugation and excretion at the hepatocyte level were determined by measuring bromsulphthalein clearance, and plasma total bilirubin and total bile acid concentrations. Values for all three were positively correlated with the extent of fatty infiltration. Plasma albumin, urea and glucose concentrations were reliable indicators of the liver's synthetic function and together with plasma aspartate aminotransferase, iditol and glutamate dehydrogenase were correlated with the degree of hepatic lipidosis.
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PMID:Effect on liver function of acetonaemia and the fat cow syndrome in cattle. 233 29

1. Glutamine was found to be the main carbon and nitrogen product of the metabolism of aspartate in isolated guinea-pig kidney-cortex tubules. Glutamate, ammonia and alanine were only minor products. 2. Carbon-balance calculations and the release of 14CO2 from [U-14C]aspartate indicate that oxidation of the aspartate carbon skeleton occurred. 3. A pathway involving aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is proposed for the conversion of aspartate into glutamine. 4. Evidence for this pathway was obtained by: (i) inhibiting aspartate removal by amino-oxyacetate, an inhibitor of transaminases, (ii) the use of methionine sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, which induced a large increase in ammonia release from aspartate, (iii) the use of quinolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which inhibited glutamine synthesis from aspartate, (iv) the use of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial transport of pyruvate, which caused an accumulation of pyruvate from aspartate, and (v) the use of fluoroacetate, an inhibitor of aconitase, which inhibited glutamine synthesis with concomitant accumulation of citrate from aspartate.
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PMID:Glutamine synthesis from aspartate in guinea-pig renal cortex. 236 82

C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice display behavioral arrest, similar to generalized absence seizures. Compared with the parent strain C57BL/10Bg SPS/SPS, the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, E. C. 2.6.1.15), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T, E. C. 2.6.1.19), aspartate aminotransferase (ASP-T, E. C. 2.6.1.1), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, E. C. 1.4.1.3) in whole brain crude supernatant were significantly reduced in the sps/sps mice. Alanine aminotransferase activity (ALA-T, E. C. 2.6.1.2), was not altered in any of the strains, and normalization of GAD, GABA-T and GDH activities by that of ALA-T, further revealed significant differences between the normal strain (SPS/SPS), the heterozygotes (SPS/sps), and behavioral arrest (sps/sps) mice. These results suggest the possible involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the absence-like behavior displayed by sps/sps mice. Open field behavior of C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice is characterized by periods of marked inactivity which easily distinguish affected homozygotes, from their heterozygotes littermates.
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PMID:The C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mouse: a mutant with absence-like seizures; neurochemical and behavioral correlates. 239 34

The activities of alanine-, aspartate- and branched-chain amino-acid transaminases, glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and adenylate deaminase in white adipose tissue of adult male rats have been determined in animals submitted to 12-h cold exposure (4 degrees C) or to 24-h food deprivation. Starvation resulted in small changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase when expressed per unit of protein weight, inducing an increase in branched-chain amino-acid transaminase and glutamine synthetase. Cold exposure showed the same effects as starvation with respect to glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine transaminase, but induced increases in glutamine synthetase and aspartate transaminase. It is concluded that starvation increases the handling of some amino acids by white adipose tissue and the detoxification of the ammonia thus evolved. The changes observed suggest a different pattern of amino-acid metabolism enzyme changes with either cold or starvation.
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PMID:Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in rat white adipose tissue. 243 May 32

To contribute to our understanding of nitrogen metabolism in the developing chick we have studied in liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane the ontogeny of both aspartate- and alanine transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, adenylate deaminase, glutamine synthetase and xanthine dehydrogenase activities. Liver enzyme activities were much higher than those of the same enzymes in intestine and yolk sac membrane, the latter having the lowest activities. In the liver, both alanine transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase increased their activity just before hatching, xanthine dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase develop their highest activity just after hatching, while aspartate transaminase and adenylate deaminase attained the highest levels just with adulthood. From the pattern of enzyme activity in yolk sac membrane and intestine it can be inferred that after hatching, the amino-acid metabolism in these tissues is considerably enhanced, with higher production of ammonia from amino acids, as indicated by the rise in adenylate deaminase, as well as increased potentiality in production of both alanine and glutamine. It can be concluded that hatching coincides with a deep change of pace in amino-acid metabolism in the organs studied fully comparable with that observed in Mammals at the end of lactation, with the difference that the adaptation to the new diet in the case of the chick is much more sudden than weaning is for the rat.
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PMID:Amino-acid metabolism enzyme activities in the liver, intestine and yolk sac membrane of developing domestic fowl. 243 52


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