Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of various metabolic inhibitors on the rate of oxygen consumption by procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma congolense utilizing proline as substrate was investigated. Cyanide inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 81.0 +/- 6.7%, malonate inhibited the rate by 51.6 +/- 1.6% and Antimycin A by 73.1 +/- 5.9%. A combination of cyanide and malonate inhibited the rate of oxygen consumption by 84.9 +/- 6.7% while a combination of antimycin A and malonate inhibited the rate by 81.6 +/- 7.6%. Rotenone had no effect on the rate of respiration except when the intact cells were first permeabilized by digitonin after which rotenone decreased the rate of respiration by 20-30%. Salicylhydroxamate (SHAM) did not have any effect on the rate of oxygen consumption. Enzymes involved in the catabolism of proline with high activities were: proline dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, NADP-linked malic enzyme, alanine aminotransferase and malate dehydrogenase. Activities of 1-pyrroline-5 carboxylate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and NAD-linked malic enzyme were detectable but lower. The end products of proline catabolism were alanine and glutamate. Unlike the case in Trypanosoma brucei brucei aspartate was not detected. Possible pathways of proline catabolism in procyclic culture forms of T. congolense and of electron transfer are proposed.
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PMID:Catabolism of proline by procyclic culture forms of Trypanosoma congolense. 1042 13

Tamoxifen (TAM) is used in the treatment of breast cancer and decreases the incidence of breast cancer when given to healthy women for different therapeutic purposes. This expansion of its use calls for further studies of its own potential side effects and those in combination with other prescription drugs. Diazepam (DP) is one such drug normally administered to patients who are under cancer treatment and those who suffer from insomnia. The present study examines the effect of individual and simultaneous administration of TAM and DP at therapeutic dose level of 0.8 mg/Kg/day of TAM and 0.3 mg/Kg/day of DP to normal female Wistar rats for a period of 12 weeks. The drugs were administered orally by mixing it in pellet made by wheat dough. There was no significant change in the terminal body weight and liver weights of animals. The ovary weights in TAM + DP treated animals were significantly decreased. The serum succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) levels were significantly lower in TAM, DP and TAM + DP treated rats and comparatively were lowest in TAM and TAM + DP treated animal groups. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP & ALP) levels were significantly higher in the three treated groups, but comparatively lower in TAM + DP treated animals when compared to TAM or DP alone treated rats. There was marked increase in liver triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the three treated groups but remarkable decrease in liver glycogen. Total serum cholesterol levels were significantly high in DP and TAM + DP treated rats and total serum triglyceride levels were significantly high only in TAM treated rats. As a whole it can be concluded that DP does not enhance TAM toxicity on simultaneous administration, but on its own when administered individually brings about perturbation in lipid storage and metabolism.
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PMID:A toxicity study of simultaneous administration of Tamoxifen and Diazepam to female Wistar rats. 1066 14

Phthalate esters have been implicated as xenoestrogens. One among them is di-ethylphthalate (DEP), which is used as plasticizer, detergent base, and binder in incense sticks and after-shave lotions. DEP is one of the contaminants of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Incense stick workers are occupationally exposed to DEP and some workers are chronic alcoholics. Therefore, a study was undertaken to evaluate the interactive toxicity of DEP with ethyl alcohol (EtOH) in young male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given 50 ppm DEP (w/v), 5% EtOH (v/v) and a combined dose of 50 ppm DEP (w/v)+EtOH (5% v/v) in water ad libitum for a period of 120 days and were maintained on normal diet. Control animals received normal diet and plain water. During the treatment rats were weighed every week and water consumption per day was measured. After the completion of treatment, liver weight/body weight, liver weight, body weight, serum enzymes and other biochemical parameters were assessed. It was found that there was no significant change observed in body weight, liver weight, liver weight/body weight and water consumption. It was observed that there was a significant decrease in liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in EtOH, DEP and EtOH+DEP treated rats in the order of EtOH>DEP>EtOH+DEP as compared with control. Serum AST, ALT, acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and liver ACP showed significant increase in DEP and EtOH+DEP treated rats in the order of DEP>EtOH+DEP as compared with control and EtOH treated rats. On the contrary, there was no significant change in liver ALP levels in treated rats. There was significant increase in liver SDH, glycogen, total triglyceride, total cholesterol and lipid peroxidation in DEP and EtOH+DEP treated rats, but no significant changes in the serum SDH, glucose and total triglyceride levels. Serum total cholesterol levels in DEP and EtOH+DEP treated rats were significantly high as compared to control and EtOH treated rats. These results show that there is no interaction of DEP with EtOH but DEP alone leads to severe impairment of lipid metabolism coupled with toxic injury to the liver as evident from significantly altered lipid and enzyme levels in the liver and serum. Long term simultaneous exposure to DEP and EtOH may have severe implications for humans who are occupationally exposed to these two xenobiotics.
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PMID:Simultaneous administration of diethylphthalate and ethyl alcohol and its toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 1083 29

1) The oxygen consumption increases during Bufo bufo development in accordance with the two steps which border at the "heart beat" stage. 2) Cytochrome c oxidase activity is not proportional to the oxygen consumption: it is notable and constant in the first step, and it only increases in the second. 3) In the mitochondria of preneural embryos, citrate synthase, NADP+ dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities are very low in respect to malate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activities. The Krebs cycle results lowered at the condensing reaction level with acetyl accumulation when pyruvate is available. The same behavior has been observed in the Xenopus laevis oocytes and differentiated tissues. 4) The presence of a phosphagen system which is different from creatine phosphate and arginine phosphate, supporting ATP level, has been demonstrated in B. bufo embryos. 5) Mitochondria of postneural embryos are able to accomplish a complete Krebs cycle by increasing citrate synthase, and succinate dehydrogenase activities. 6) In all B. bufo development, malate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase constitute a multienzymatic system by which the mitochondria accomplish a decarboxylic amino acid shunt required for the transformation of deutoplasm into protoplasm. This shunt is also operative in the X. laevis oocytes. 7) Through pyruvate production, by oxidative decarboxylation of malate, the NAD(P)+ dependent malic enzyme could carry out a fundamental anaplerotic function in the mitochondria which is specialized in the production of biosynthetic blocks belonging to the embryo in which the carbohydrates metabolism rather than the glycolytic activity is designed for pentose phosphate and glycerol phosphate synthesis for protein and cytomembrane production. 8) Consistent metabolic differences have been highlighted between B. bufo embryos and X. laevis embryos.
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PMID:Physiological differentiation of the mitochondria during Bufo bufo development. 1125 8

The efficacy of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene 1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) was examined in the treatment of beryllium-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats. Single administration of beryllium nitrate at a dose of 50 mg/kg (i.m.) on day 13 of gestation caused reductions in fetal and placental weights, the number of implantation sites and number of corpora lutea, as well as causing post-implantation loss, stunted growth, increase in the number of resorptions, and also a disturbed sex ratio. Maternal toxicity was demonstrated by reduction in body weight gain. Administration of beryllium also showed significant alteration in the hematological and biochemical indices of the mother as well as the fetus. Marked decreases were recorded in hemoglobin percentage, blood sugar levels, serum protein contents and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. By contrast, significant elevation was found in the activity of transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). Tissue protein contents, glycogen contents, activities of alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase of kidney, lungs and uterus, and maternal and fetal liver all showed significantly decreased values after beryllium exposure, and remarkable elevation was observed in acid phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase and hepatic lipid peroxidation. These parameters were restored considerably with administration of 471 mg/kg i.m. Tiron from days 14 to 18 of gestation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry also revealed a high concentration of beryllium in different organs of pregnant rats. Interestingly, a small amount of metal ion was also detected in the fetus and reduced accumulation of beryllium was noticed after Tiron treatment.
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PMID:Protective effect of Tiron (4,5-dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt) against beryllium-induced maternal and fetal toxicity in rats. 1218 11

A 9-month-old male German Shepherd dog was referred for evaluation of progressive exercise intolerance. Clinical examination revealed a stiff, stilted gait and marked atrophy and hypotonia of skeletal muscle. The dog had raised creatine kinase (181 U/liter), lactate dehydrogenase (510 U/liter), and aspartate aminotransferase (123.6 U/liter) levels, suggesting a muscle disease. Histochemical evaluation of muscle biopsies revealed the presence of subsarcolemmal oxidative activity, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and succinate dehydrogenase, and the absence of cytochrome oxidase activity. Ragged red fibers were demonstrated with Gomori trichrome stain. Ultrastructural examination of the muscle confirmed the presence of subsarcolemmal accumulations of mitochondria and morphologically atypical mitochondria.
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PMID:Mitochondrial myopathy in a german shepherd dog. 1294 7

This work has been carried out to investigate the effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on mice livers after treatment with the ethanolic extract of Citrus reticulata root or the oleo-resin extract from Myrrh of Commiphora molmol tree (Mirazid), as a new antishistosomal drug. Marker enzymes for different cell organelles were measured; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes; glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase); acid phosphatase (AP) and 5'- nucleotidase. Liver function enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also estimated. Parasitological studies through ova count and worm burden will also be taken into consideration. The results showed a marked reduction in SDH, LDH, AST, and ALT enzyme activities and a significant increase in G-6-Pase, AP, 5'- nucleotidase, and ALP after S. mansoni infection. A noticeable alteration in LDH subunits were also noticed. Treatment with C. reticulata or Mirazid improved all the previous enzyme activities with a noticeable reduction in ova count and worm burden.
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PMID:Efficacy of Citrus reticulata and Mirazid in treatment of Schistosoma mansoni. 1641 Sep 68

Disease caused by viruses, especially white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), present the greatest challenge to shrimp aquaculture worldwide. Massive tissue disintegration occurs in WSSV-infected ectodermal and mesodermal tissues of penaeid shrimp. The activities of membrane bound phosphatases (Na(+)K(+)ATPase, Ca(2+)ATPase, Mg(2+)ATPase and Total ATPase), transaminases (alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST)) and mitochondrial enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome C oxidase) in WSSV-infected tissues (hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle) of Fenneropenaeus indicus were determined at intervals after WSSV infection (0, 24, 48, 72 and after 72 h (moribund)). The activities of phosphatases, transaminases and mitochondrial enzymes in healthy as compared with WSSV-infected hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle showed marked divergence throughout the course of infection. WSSV infected hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle exhibited significantly reduced activity of membrane bound phosphatases compared with the uninfected animals. Inactivation of these enzymes may occur due to increased production of free radicals, that cause conformational change by oxidation of 'SH' groups present at the active site. Significantly marked elevation in the activities of transaminases (ALT and AST) was observed in WSSV-infected hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle compared to the uninfected tissues. This may be due to leakage of these enzymes from the damaged tissues. The activities of mitochondrial enzymes in WSSV-infected tissues were significantly decreased compared to the activities in uninfected animals. WSSV-infected animals showed reduced feeding that may have led to decreased oxidation of glucose via the TCA cycle. Excessive production of free radicals in WSSV-infected animals may have affected aerobic oxidation leading to lower production of ATP. It is concluded that membrane dynamics play a major role in the pathogenesis of WSSV infection.
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PMID:Activities of membrane bound phosphatases, transaminases and mitochondrial enzymes in white spot syndrome virus infected tissues of Fenneropenaeus indicus. 1641 26

Reamberin in a dose of 25 mg/kg (succinate concentration) was injected intravenously for 3 days starting from the 1st hour after skin ischemia modeling. This treatment decreased activities of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine phosphokinase in skin homogenates by 1.6 times, 19%, and 51.3%, respectively. The index of cytolysis decreased by 18%. Reamberin had an energotropic effect, which manifested in an increase in the total ATP content and concentration of creatine phosphate (by 16 and 10%, respectively). After administration of Reamberin, activity of the succinate-ubiquinone reductase system increased by 17%. Under these conditions succinate dehydrogenase activity exceeded the normal by 21%. Reamberin had no effect on the mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone reductase system in dermal cells during skin ischemia. Superoxide dismutase activity in the area of necrosis increased to the control level on day 3 of treatment with Reamberin. Activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase increased by 13 and 19%, respectively. Our results indicate that the course of intravenous treatment with Reamberin for 3 days contributes to an increase in reserve capacities of the antioxidant protection system and produces a protective effect during skin ischemia.
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PMID:Protective effect of reamberin on functional activity of mitochondria during skin ischemia. 1667 75

Central core disease is a nonprogressive or slowly progressive congenital myopathy with a variable degree of hypotonia and axial and proximal muscle weakness that is histologically characterized by areas devoid of oxidative enzyme activity, resulting from an absence or low numbers of mitochondria in these regions (central core). A 10-month-old, male, pony foal was examined because of stiff gait, marked contractures of the distal portion of the limbs, flexion deformities of the hooves, and moderate hypotonia that had been present from birth. The foal had increased creatine kinase (282 U/liter; reference interval 10-135 U/liter), lactate dehydrogenase (1,188 U/liter; reference interval 150-450 U/liter), and aspartate transaminase (377 U/liter; reference interval <290 U/liter) activities, suggesting muscle disease. Muscle biopsy was performed. In cytochrome oxidase-, succinate dehydrogenase-, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase-reacted sections, the dominant morphologic feature was the absence of oxidative enzyme activity in the cores. By use of immunohistochemical technique with a monoclonal antibody against desmin, the cores were clearly delineated and a desmin network was present within the cores. Ultrastructurally, the core areas were characterized by preserved sarcomeres with irregular Z-lines, with some streaming or zigzag appearance and abnormal sarcoplasmic reticulum profiles and T-tubules. Lack of mitochrondria within central cores was observed. Diagnosis of myopathy with central cores was made.
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PMID:Myopathy with central cores in a foal. 1684 6


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