Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Halothane, commonly used for anesthetizing humans and animals, is one of the most important volatile anesthetics and may cause the formation of free radicals during its biotransformation. Free radicals may lead to degeneration of liver cells. Vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) containing selenium are two natural antioxidants, and these may protect the cellular lipid and lipoproteins against oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Therefore, the purposes of the present study were to investigate the probable protective effects of intraperitoneally administered Se and vitamin E on liver enzymes and to determine some other hematological parameters in the halothane anesthesia of rats. All rats were randomly divided into five groups. The first group was used as a control, and physiological saline (0.9%) was intraperitoneally injected into these animals as a placebo. The second group was used as an anesthesia control group and was only anesthetized with halothane for two hours. The third group received intraperitoneally administered Se (Na2SeO3, 0.3 mg/200 g body weight), the fourth group vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg/kg body weight), and the fifth group a Se plus vitamin E combination (Na2SeO3, 0.3 mg/200 g body weight + dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 100 mg/kg body weight). The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, erythrocyte counts, the packet-cell volume, hemoglobin concentrations and neutrophyle rates significantly increased (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) after halothane anesthesia and returned to near control levels after Se, vitamin E and Se plus vitamin E injections. The values of cholesterol, total protein, white blood cell counts and lymphocyte rates significantly decreased (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) in the anesthesia control group. However, the levels of albumin, total bilirubin, creatinine, the mean corpuscular volume, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not statistically influenced. In conclusion, we have determined that halothane anesthesia affected some liver enzymes and some other biochemical and hematological parameters. Se, vitamin E and their combination may prevent the increase of liver enzymes after halothane anesthesia. Based upon these results, Se and vitamin E may play an important role in the indication of hepatic cellular injury produced by halothane.
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PMID:Effects of intraperitoneally injected selenium and vitamin E in rats anesthetized with halothane. 1275 99

Acetaminophen (AA) is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug; however, when used in high doses, it causes fulminant hepatic necrosis and nephrotoxic effects in both humans and experimental animals. It has been reported that the toxic effects of AA are the result of oxidative reactions that take place during its metabolism. In this study we investigated if melatonin, vitamin E or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are protective against AA toxicity in mice. The doses of the antioxidants used were as follows: melatonin (10 mg/kg), vitamin E (30 mg/kg) and NAC (150 mg/kg). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in blood, and glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized protein levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in liver and kidney tissues were measured. BUN and serum creatinine, ALT and AST levels which were increased significantly following AA treatment decreased significantly after pretreatment with either vitamin E, melatonin or NAC; however, they were not reduced to control levels. ALT and AST levels were significantly higher at 4 hr compared with the 24 hr levels after AA administration. However, BUN and creatinine levels were significantly elevated only at 24 hr. GSH levels were reduced while MDA, MPO and oxidized protein levels were increased significantly following AA administration. These changes were reversed by pretreatment with either melatonin, vitamin E or NAC. Liver toxicity was higher at 4 hr, whereas nephrotoxicity appeared to be more severe 24 hr after treatment with AA. Vitamin E was the least efficient agent in reversing AA toxicity while melatonin, considering it was given as at lower dose than either vitamin E or NAC, was the most effective. This may be the result of the higher efficacy of melatonin in scavenging various free radicals and also because of its ability in stimulating the antioxidant enzymes.
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PMID:Protective effects of melatonin, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine against acetaminophen toxicity in mice: a comparative study. 1282 15

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Cassia auriculata leaf extract on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in experimental hepatotoxicity. Administering ethanol to rats for 60 days resulted in significantly elevated levels of serum total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as compared with those of the experimental control rats. Significantly elevated levels of tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxides and lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also observed on alcohol treatment as compared with those of experimental control rats. Concentration of serum non-enzymic antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C were also significantly lowered on alcohol supplementation. Treatment with Cassia auriculata leaf extract at a dose of 250 mg kg(-1) body weight and 500 mg kg(-1) body weight to rats administered alcohol, lowered the levels of TBARS and hydroperoxides and elevated the activities of SOD and CAT and the levels of reduced GSH in the liver, brain, kidney and intestine significantly compared to unsupplemented alcohol treated rats. Cassia auriculata leaf extract treatment restored the serum vitamin E, and vitamin C levels also to near those of the experimental control animals. Our data indicate that supplementation with Cassia auriculata leaf extract can offer protection against free radical mediated oxidative stress in experimental hepatotoxicity. In addition, histopathological studies of the liver and brain confirmed the beneficial role of Cassia auriculata leaf extract.
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PMID:Activity of Cassia auriculata leaf extract in rats with alcoholic liver injury. 1294 75

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a known environmental biohazard, which induces lipid peroxidation (LPO) and oxidative damage in rat liver. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of Gossypitrin, a flavonoid extracted from Hibiscus elatus S.W, was investigated against the CCl4-induced in vivo hepatotoxicity. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed as an index of LPO and the levels of catalase (CAT) activity as a biomarker of oxidative damage. Leakage of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), liver weight/body weight ratio as well as morphological parameters were used as signs of hepatotoxicity. CCl4 (1 ml/kg), intraperitoneally injected into rats, caused increased MDA production and CAT activity, and also a significant ALT and LDH leakage as compared to levels of these constituents in the control group. Changes in morphology, including steatosis, cells forming balloon cells and necrosis were evaluated in the hepatotoxin-induced damage. Treatment of rats with Gossypitrin (3.98, 5.97 and 8.95 mg/kg) 2 h before and 2 h after CCl4 injection, protected hepatocytes against cell injury induced by CCl4 and its efficacy as an antioxidant was similar to vitamin E (used as a reference antioxidant). These results are consistent with the conclusion that the toxicity of CCl4 is due to LPO and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that Gossypitrin's protective effects relate to its direct radical scavenging ability and other antioxidative processes induced by its structure.
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PMID:Protective effect of gossypitrin on carbon tetrachloride-induced in vivo hepatotoxicity. 1459 45

Oral administration of a-lipoic acid, a metavitamin, was investigated for its possible hepatoprotective effect in Wistar rats against chloroquine-induced toxicity. Rats were treated orally with alpha-lipoic acid (10, 30 and 100 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)) for 7 days before a single oral administration of chloroquine (970 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)) and alpha-lipoic acid treatment was continued for three more days. The increased level of serum enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase), bilirubin, lipids and plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides observed in rats treated with chloroquine were very much reduced in rats treated with alpha-lipoic acid plus chloroquine. A significant decrease in plasma antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were observed in chloroquine-treated rats when compared with control rats. Administration of alpha-lipoic acid significantly improved the levels of plasma antioxidants GSH, vitamin C and vitamin E in chloroquine-treated rats. In the case of 100 mg x kg(-1) day(-1) the effect was highly significant compared with the other doses (10 and 30 mg x kg(-1) day(-1)). The results of the study revealed that alpha-lipoic acid could offer protection against chloroquine-induced hepatotoxicity. alpha-Lipoic acid had a better protective effect when compared with silymarin, a reference drug.
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PMID:Protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid against chloroquine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. 1474 43

This study tested the development of oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant supplementation in an 80-km ride. A precompetition survey revealed that no competitor would participate without vitamin E supplementation; therefore, 46 horses were paired for past performances and randomly assigned to two groups of 23 each for 3 wk of supplementation before the ride. One group (E) was orally supplemented with 5,000 IU of vitamin E per day; the other group (E+C) received that dose of vitamin E plus 7 g/d of vitamin C. Blood samples, temperature, and heart rate were taken the day before the race, at 21 and 56 km during the ride, at completion, and after 20 min of recovery. Plasma was assayed for lipid hydroperoxides, alpha-tocopherol, total ascorbate, albumin, creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Total glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity were determined in red blood cells and white blood cells. Thirty-four horses completed the race, 12 horses (six in E and six in E+C) did not finish for reasons including lameness, metabolic problems, and rider option. Plasma ascorbate was higher (P = 0.045) in the E+C group than in the E group. Other than ascorbate, neither antioxidant status nor CK and AST activities were affected by supplementation with E+C vs. E. Red blood cell glutathione peroxidase, white blood cell total glutathione, lipid hydroperoxides, CK, and AST increased, and red blood cell total glutathione and white blood cell glutathione peroxidase activity decreased with distance (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were found for plasma lipid hydroperoxides on CK (r = 0.25; P = 0.001) and AST (r = 0.33; P < 0.001). These results establish an association between muscle leakage and a cumulative index of oxidative stress.
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PMID:Antioxidant supplementation and subsequent oxidative stress of horses during an 80-km endurance race. 1497 59

In this study, the effect of a combination of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate), and selenium (sodium selenate) on ethanol-induced liver damage in rats was investigated, morphologically and biochemically. The ethanol-induced injury was produced by the administration of 1 mL of absolute ethanol to each rat. Animals received vitamin C (250 mg/kg), vitamin E (250 mg/kg), and selenium (0.5 mg/kg) (ViCESe) for 3 d 1 h prior to the administration of absolute ethanol. In the liver of the animals given ethanol, the degenerative changes such as extreme hyperemia, vacuolization in cells of portal areas, a dilation in sinusoids, mononuclear cell infiltration, a swelling in cisternae of granular endoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondrial cristae, an increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, many lipid vacuoles were observed both light and electron microscopically. A similar structure was usually distinguished when compared with control animals, in rats given ethanol + ViCESe. In this group, the findings indicating cellular damage were either not observed at all or were decreased. In the group administered ethanol, a reduction of the blood glutathione (GSH) level and increases in serum values of alanine aminotranserase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were observed, whereas in the control group, the reverse was found to occur. On the other hand, in the group in which ethanol + ViCESe was administered, it was observed that the blood GSH value and serum ALP and ALT activities increased and serum AST, LDH, and GGT activities decreased. As a result, the present study indicates that ViCESe because of their antioxidant activity against ethanol damage have a protective effect on the liver.
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PMID:Protective effects of ascorbic acid, dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, and sodium selenate on ethanol-induced liver damage of rats. 1498 25

One of the most intriguing phenomena observed during adriamycin (ADR) toxicity has been attributed to ADR-induced oxidative stress. The study was aimed to assess the protective effect of lipoic acid (LA) against ADR-induced damage to erythrocytes. Male albino rats (Wistar strain) were subjected to ADR (1 mg/kg body weight/day i.v.) once a week for a period of 12 weeks. Haematological indices like haemoglobin levels (Hb) and haematocrit (Ht) were also lowered along with a marked increase in the activities of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). These rats demonstrated enhanced erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) and an onslaught in the antioxidant defence armoury, witnessed by lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E. Rats administered with ADR showed a marked decline in the activities of membrane-bound ATPases. Abnormal LPO and decreased deformability led to increased osmotic fragility of the red blood cells. Pretreatment with LA (35 mg/kg body weight/day i.p.) 24 hours prior to the administration of ADR once a week for a period of 12 weeks was effective in counteracting these biochemical disturbances, thereby minimizing the toxic side effects of ADR.
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PMID:Effect of lipoic acid on the oxidoreductive status of red blood cells in rats subject to oxidative stress by chronic administration of adriamycin. 1511 32

Role of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene and/or their combination as antioxidants against the toxicity of fenvalerate on blood hematology, free radicals, biochemical parameters, and semen quality were studied in male rats. Fenvalerate (20 mg/kg BW), vitamin E (100 mg/kg BW), beta-carotene (10 mg/kg BW), and vitamin E plus beta-carotene (100 + 10 mg/kg BW, respectively) were given alone or in combination with fenvalerate. The tested doses were given to rats every other day for 30 days. Results obtained showed that fenvalerate significantly (P < 0.05) induced free radicals in plasma and brain and insignificantly in liver and testes. While, vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination decreased the levels of free radicals in plasma, liver, testes, and brain. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (liver), alkaline phosphatase (plasma and liver), aspartate aminotransferase (plasma, liver, and testes) and alanine aminotransferase (plasma and liver) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased due to fenvalerate administration. The activity of acetylcholinesterase was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in brain and plasma, while plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, and bilirubin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in rats treated with fenvalerate. Also, results showed a significant (P < 0.05) alterations in plasma proteins, hematological parameters, body weight, and relative weights of organs. Sperm concentration and motility (%) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while dead and abnormal sperm increased in rats exposed to fenvalerate. Vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination did not cause any changes in the investigated parameters, but improved semen quality and minimized the toxic effect of fenvalerate. The obtained results demonstrated the beneficial influences of vitamin E, beta-carotene alone and/or in combination in reducing the harmful effects of fenvalerate.
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PMID:Role of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in ameliorating the fenvalerate-induced changes in oxidative stress, hemato-biochemical parameters, and semen quality of male rats. 1518 33

The extensive use of alternative medicine products, herbal remedies, and vitamins in large doses has reached an all time high in the general public. Some agents are reported and advertised as immune stimulants and may interfere with patients suffering from immune modification, autoimmune diseases, or transplant recipients. In this report, we will present an investigation into the use of herbal remedies and vitamins in our liver transplant population. We performed an investigation using a questionnaire to determine the use of herbal products and vitamins in our liver transplant population. Medical records were reviewed for each liver transplant recipient that admitted to consuming herbal products or vitamins. Information collected included patient demographics, transplant related information, laboratory tests, outcomes, and herbs or vitamin products used. A total of 290 patients completed and returned the questionnaire. We found 156 admitting to taking more than a standard multivitamin and/or an herbal remedy. All patients were treated with steroids for allograft rejection and experienced a recurrence of amino transaminases following the removal of steroids. Further investigation into dietary supplements using a patient questionnaire form revealed that nearly 50% of patients admitted to using vitamins following transplantation, while 19% used herbal remedies combined with vitamins, most admitting to silymarin. One recipient was ingesting colostrum and required admission for the management of allograft rejection, while 5 patients had consumed large amounts of echinacea or CoEnzyme Q-10 and experienced elevations in their transaminases that resolved with discontinuation of the herb. The review also identified 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and with transaminase elevation (mean values of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels of 88 and 95, respectively). All recipients were consuming vitamins, in particular high doses of vitamin E (tocopherol), more than 1 gram per day. All of the transplant recipients were instructed to discontinue all vitamin E products and the amino transaminases resolved over the following 30 to 60 days. In conclusion, this information reveals that a significant proportion of our liver transplant recipients consume herbal remedies. The results of this report suggest that transplant teams need to question each recipient about the use of herbal and vitamin remedies and educate them regarding the potential hazards.
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PMID:Consumption of dietary supplements in a liver transplant population. 1563 45


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