Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P17174 (aspartate aminotransferase)
 14,872 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of hepatitis C infection and possible predisposing factors was assessed in a renal unit. Of 343 patients at our renal dialysis centre, 37 (10.8%) were anti-HCV positive by a 1st-generation assay (ELISA, Ortho/Chiron) and confirmed positive in 35 (10.2%) with a 2nd-generation test (UBI, New York). Anti-HCV positivity was significantly associated with: duration of renal replacement therapy (P < 0.0001); quantity of blood transfused (P < 0.002); duration of hospital haemodialysis (P = 0.0001); duration with a functional renal transplant (P = 0.039); and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression determined the following variables to be independent risk factors: duration of renal replacement therapy with a relative risk of 34.3 for 5-9 years and 87.4 when the duration was in excess of 10 years; renal transplant for less than 1 year (relative risk of 5.0); transfusion in excess of 50 units of blood (relative risk of 11.6). Clinical assessment of anti-HCV-positive patients revealed peripheral signs of chronic liver disease in 40%, hepatomegaly in 34%, and splenomegaly in 9%. This prevalence of hepatitis C infection is similar to other European and North American centres, but contrasts with low prevalence rates reported from dialysis populations in the UK. It adds further support for routine screening of blood and possibly organ donors and implementation of further infection control measures in dialysis centres.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C in dialysis patients and transplant recipients with possible routes of transmission. 827 37

This randomized double-blind study of the metabolic effects of two low-dose oral contraceptives was conducted in 58 randomly selected Singaporean women. Study subjects were divided into two treatment groups: 1) norethisterone 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 35 mcg (NET/EE) or levonorgestrel 150 mcg/ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg (LNG/EE) were given to 35 women; 2) a control group of 23 women using IUDs. Blood samples were taken on admission and at 3 and 12 months after pills or insertion of IUDs. Findings demonstrate a significant decrease in mean fasting glucose and in 2-hour glucose loading, while triglycerides were increased throughout the treatment period in the NET/EE group. The LNG/EE group only showed significant suppression of the 2-hour glucose loading at 12 months and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) cholesterol was significantly reduced by 12 months. Both groups had no change in hemoglobin, hematocrit and total protein levels, but alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and aspartate transaminase (SGOT) were decreased. Decreased albumin was observed in the NET/EE group, but not in the LNG/EE group. Changes in total HDL and LDL cholesterol and SGOT were not significantly different in the treatment group compared to the IUD group, except for the 2-hour glucose loading. There was no increase in the number of abnormal parameters after treatment. On the contrary, there was a reduction of abnormal values in most liver function parameters. Thus, except for glucose intolerance, the observed changes in metabolic parameters may not be of any clinical significance.
 ...
PMID:Lipid and biochemical changes after low-dose oral contraception. 145 19

A comparative study of the metabolic effects of two combined oral contraceptive preparations was undertaken in seven WHO Collaborating Centres for Research in Human Reproduction. A total of 847 subjects were randomly allocated to one of two pill groups - norethisterone lmg/ethinyl estradiol 35 micrograms (NET/EE) or levonorgestrel 150 micrograms/ethinyl estradiol 30 micrograms (LNG/EE). An additional 195 women using an IUD served as a comparison group. Blood samples were taken on admission, and at 3 and 12 months thereafter. Both pills induced changes in fasting and 2-hour glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and total protein, but not aspartate aminotransferase. The most dramatic and probably most clinically important changes were an increase in triglycerides and a decrease in HDL-cholesterol. The NET/EE preparation appeared to induce a greater increase in triglycerides, but no significant difference was found between the two pill preparations with respect to HDL-cholesterol changes.
 ...
PMID:A randomized double-blind study of the effects of two low-dose combined oral contraceptives on biochemical aspects. Report from a seven-centred study. WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Task force on Oral Contraceptives. 286 58

The effects of oral contraceptives of varied estrogen/progestin composition on clinical measurements of hepatic, thyroid, and renal function and carbohydrate metabolism were examined in 1,355 women in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. In general, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels are lower with both oral contraceptives and postmenopausal estrogen use, suggesting an estrogen effect. The least bilirubin reduction is seen with a progestin dominant oral contraceptive. A significant decrement in aspartate aminotransferase is observed in users of one high estrogen dose oral contraceptive and in postmenopausal Premarin users, while aspartate aminotransferase is higher in postmenopausal users of higher dose ethinyl estradiol. Globulins are slightly higher in all hormone use categories, suggesting an estrogen effect on hepatic secretion of this protein class into the circulation. Fasting glucose concentrations are generally slightly lower even in the progestin dominant oral contraceptives, where glucose intolerance has been described. Thyroxine concentrations are generally elevated in all women using oral contraceptives. A relationship to estrogen dose is seen in women with thyroxine concentrations greater than the 99th percentile and in postmenopausal estrogen users. Creatinine concentration is greater with the use of Ovral, a progestin dominant oral contraceptive, and lower with two estrogen dominant oral contraceptives and Premarin, suggesting a competitive effect of estrogen and progestin. Among the clinical laboratory tests considered here, oral contraceptive effects seem to be largely estrogen mediated with a suggestion of competitive effect of estrogen versus progestin only on bilirubin and creatinine levels. These observations differ from lipoproteins where opposing hormonal effects are more clearly reflected in changing lipoprotein concentrations.
 ...
PMID:Effect of estrogen/progestin potency on clinical chemistry measures. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. 394 98

Several general comments are offered regarding the detailed comparison of clinical and metabolic effects of combined-type oral contraceptives made by Dr. W.G. McBride et al. The findings are compared with the results of these researchers. The use of the term "19-nortestosterone" or "derived from testosterone" to describe certain progestogens is disliked for the following reasons: norethisterone, lynestrenol, ethynodiol diacetate, norethynodrel and norgestrel are not manufactured from testosterone or 19-testosterone and have endocrine properties dissimilar to these compounds. The first 4 progestogens are estranes, and norgestrel is a gonane. This terminology is much preferred. Women in McBride's group received products containing 2 different estrogens, and it is felt that grouping together OCs containing 2 different estrogens at several different dose levels, in combination with many different progestogens, makes for too heterogeneous a group. In the research of these 2 commenters the attempt has been made wherever possible to use women as their own controls by comparing results before and during treatment. Using this method ethynyloestradiol or mestranol were given alone to healthy young volunteers and then the same daily of estrogen was administered for a second 21-day course, but this time in combination with various progestogens. Clinical and biochemical data have also been accumulated from women taking most commerically available OCs. The metabolic results are contrasted with McBride's who compared untreated controls with women receiving a variety of different products. A significant fall was seen in serum cholesterol level in women changed to the low estrogen OC Nordette from other products after only 1 cycle of treatment. McBride reported a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) with products containing "19-nortestosterone" progestogens. It is doubtful whether this small increase in AST is biologically meaningful. The day-to-day variation in serum AST for healthy women was found to be much greater than reported by McBride, using the same method.
 ...
PMID:Comparative study of adverse effects of oral contraceptives. 444 20

Injectable progestogen, norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN, 200 mg/ml at 60 day intervals), was administered to 150 women for 2 years as their method of contraception. Blood levels of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, acetylcholinesterase (AChe), sialic acid were determined in all subjects to ascertain whether NET-EN therapy causes any adverse metabolic effect or damage to the functional status of the liver. NET-EN contraception did not alter the liver function enzymes but there is a significant increase (P0.001) in AChE activity after 2 years. Serum sialic acid level showed a transient increase up to 1 year, which however returned to control level later. The mechanism responsible for these changes and whether the rise in sialic acid and AChE activity are related to any pathological condition remain unclear at this stage.
 ...
PMID:Studies on some enzymes and sialic acid during progestational contraceptive therapy. 646 44

To elucidate whether breast milk, vaginal discharge and contamination with maternal blood at birth are possible routes of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), we examined HCV RNA in the cord and peripheral blood of infants, and in the blood, vaginal discharge, and breast milk of anti-HCV seropositive mothers. From July 1991 to July 1992, we studied 20 healthy pregnant women, who were seropositive with the Ortho anti-HCV EIA, and their infants. Using a sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), we investigated the presence or absence of hepatitis C virus in the above-mentioned specimens. Moderate elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was observed in only one woman in the first and third trimesters. The nested PCR and subsequent Southern hybridization detected 0.5-5.5 copies of HCV c-DNA. HCV RNA was detected in 17/20 blood samples (85%), 7/14 vaginal discharge samples (50%) and 4/10 cord blood samples (40%). However, no HCV RNA was identified in the peripheral blood of infants or breast milk. The mother-to-child transmission of HCV at delivery or via breast milk does not appear to contribute much to maintaining the global HCV reservoir.
 ...
PMID:Studies on transmission of hepatitis C virus from mother-to-child in the perinatal period. 825 May 98

Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on the detection of anti-HCV antibodies by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA) techniques. However, a consensus related to the problem of low titer (Serum/Cut-off; S/C= 1.0) anti-HCV antibodies is still lacking. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical status of the patients with low titer anti-HCV antibodies detected by third generation anti-HCV tests during january 2007-December 2007. Two hundred and fifteen sera with anti-HCV S/C values between 1-5, detected by a commercial test system (Vitros EC Immunodiagnostic System, 3rd generation anti-HCV test, Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99.7%, as indicated by the supplier, were included to the study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were determined by using chemiluminescence assay (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) and HCV-RNA was detected by real-time PCR (Flurion HCV QNP 2.1). Hundred and thirty six (63.3%) of the patients were female and 79 (36.7%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 50.2 +/- 18.9 years. In 18 (8.3%) patients ALT and/or AST levels were high and two of them were infected with hepatitis A while the remaining two with hepatitis B virus. HCV-RNA positivity (15.6 x 10(6); 4.3 x 10(5) and 2.6 x 10(3) IU/ml, respectively) was detected in three patients (1.4%) with S/C values of 3.69, 4.46 and 4.59, respectively. These three patients were older than 50 years, had high ALT levels and were chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis for at least one year. It was observed that after 4-6 weeks anti-HCV titers increased (S/C values were 15.1, 6.5 and 11.8, respectively) in the serum samples of these patients. The data obtained from this study emphasizes the problem of low titer positive anti-HCV results. It could be concluded that in case of low titer anti-HCV values, the result should be confirmed by RIBA, although its use is a matter of debate due to its low sensitivity, and HCV-RNA tests. Based on these data it seemed that changing the anti-HCV S/C ratio would not be a solution for the problem of low titer anti-HCV positive results.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation of the patients with low levels of anti-HCV positivity]. 1933 90

Comparative studies of the effects of Nordette and LutoFolone on 15-day-old chickens were performed to determine their effects on growth performance, biochemical parameters and on hormonal residues in the liver and muscle. Sixty chickens were equally divided into three groups, with 20 chickens per group. Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2 and 3 were treated daily with Nordette (1 mg/kg body weight) mixed in the ration and LutoFolone (0.5 mg/kg body weight) administered orally through a bent stainless steel feeding tube, respectively, for 30 days (from the 15th to the 45th day of age). The treated groups were left for a further period of 15 days without treatment. Blood samples were collected at 45 and 60 days of age and used for biochemical studies, while liver and muscles were excised from each chicken and used to prepare tissue homogenates for an estimation of hormonal residues (oestrogen and progesterone). Both drugs caused a gain in body weight. They also significantly increased (p<0.01) several serum variables, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (410% and 300%), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (277.69% and 261.90%), cholesterol (16.91% and 17.19%), creatine kinase (CK) (72.47% and 27.46%), creatinine (62.22% and 42.22%) and uric acid (85.43% and 70.86%), and reduced total proteins (54.38% and 51.28%), albumin (60.38% and 52.08%) and globulin levels (50.22% and 49.36%) for Groups 2 and 3 respectively at 30 days post administration, in comparison with the control birds. Moreover, this study exhibited a significant increase in the levels of oestrogen residues in the liver (26.17% and 70.99%) and muscle (17.50% and 43.41%) for Groups 2 and 3, respectively. This indicated that the oestrogen level was much higher in the liver than in muscle in comparison to that of the controls. However, some of these findings showed insignificant changes 15 days after ceasing the administration of hormones. Data on the biochemical parameters and residue levels obtained from these results clearly indicate that anabolic agents in chickens may carry a specific risk to public health.
 ...
PMID:Effect of oestrogenic compounds on performance and biochemical parameters of chickens in Egypt. 2039 5

Comparative studies of the effects of Nordette and Lutofolone on 15 days old chicken were carried out to determine their effects on growth performance, biochemical parameters and an analysis of hormonal residues in the liver and muscle. Sixty chickens were equally divided into three groups. Group 1 was served as a control. Groups 2 and 3 were treated daily with Nordette (1 mg/kg B.W.) mixed in the ration and Lutofolone (0.5 mg/kg B.W.) orally via a bent stainless steel feeding tube, respectively, for 30 days (from the 15th till the 45th day old). Then these treated groups were left for another 15 days without any treatment. Blood samples were collected at 45 and 60 days old and used for biochemical studies, while liver and muscles were excised from each chicken and used to prepare tissue homogenate for estimation of hormonal residues (estrogen and progesterone). Both drugs caused a gain in body weight. They also increased several serum variables, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol, creatine kinase (CK), creatinine and uric acid, and reduced total proteins, albumin and globulin levels at 30 days post-administration. Moreover, this study exhibited a significant increase in the levels of estrogen residues in the liver and muscle. Estrogen level was much higher in the liver than muscles. However, some of these findings were insignificant changed at 15 days post-stopping of the hormones. Data on the biochemical parameters and residue levels obtained from these results clearly indicate that anabolic agents may entail a special risk to the chickens and probably to the consumer.
 ...
PMID:Comparative biochemical studies on steroidogenic compounds in chickens. 2216 94


1