Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P16104 (H2AX)
 3,930 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We examined the effect of increased expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, on cell survival in primary cultures of keratinocytes isolated from the skin of K6/ODC transgenic mice (Ker/ODC) and their normal littermates (Ker/Norm). Although elevated levels of ODC and polyamines stimulate proliferation of keratinocytes, Ker/ODC undergo apoptotic cell death within days of primary culture unlike Ker/Norm that continue to proliferate. Phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and its substrate p53 are significantly induced both in Ker/ODC and in K6/ODC transgenic skin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses show that the increased level of p53 in Ker/ODC is accompanied by increased recruitment of p53 to the Bax proximal promoter. ATM activation is polyamine dependent because alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of ODC activity, blocks its phosphorylation. Ker/ODC also displays increased generation of H(2)O(2), acrolein-lysine conjugates, and protein oxidation products as well as polyamine-dependent DNA damage, as measured by the comet assay and the expression of the phosphorylated form of the histone variant gamma H2AX. Both reactive oxygen species generation and apoptotic cell death of Ker/ODC may, at least in part, be due to induction of a polyamine catabolic pathway that generates both H(2)O(2) and cytotoxic aldehydes, because spermine oxidase (SMO) levels are induced in Ker/ODC. In addition, treatment with MDL 72,527, an inhibitor of SMO, blocks the production of H(2)O(2) and increases the survival of Ker/ODC. These results show a novel activation of the ATM-DNA damage signaling pathway in response to increased ODC activity in nontumorigenic keratinocytes.
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PMID:Elevated ornithine decarboxylase levels activate ataxia telangiectasia mutated-DNA damage signaling in normal keratinocytes. 1838 27

Minutes after DNA damage, the variant histone H2AX is phosphorylated by protein kinases of the phosphoinositide kinase family, including ATM, ATR or DNA-PK. Phosphorylated (gamma)-H2AX-which recruits molecules that sense or signal the presence of DNA breaks, activating the response that leads to repair-is the earliest known marker of chromosomal DNA breakage. Here we identify a dynamic change in chromatin that promotes H2AX phosphorylation in mammalian cells. DNA breaks swiftly mobilize heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1)-beta (also called CBX1), a chromatin factor bound to histone H3 methylated on lysine 9 (H3K9me). Local changes in histone-tail modifications are not apparent. Instead, phosphorylation of HP1-beta on amino acid Thr 51 accompanies mobilization, releasing HP1-beta from chromatin by disrupting hydrogen bonds that fold its chromodomain around H3K9me. Inhibition of casein kinase 2 (CK2), an enzyme implicated in DNA damage sensing and repair, suppresses Thr 51 phosphorylation and HP1-beta mobilization in living cells. CK2 inhibition, or a constitutively chromatin-bound HP1-beta mutant, diminishes H2AX phosphorylation. Our findings reveal an unrecognized signalling cascade that helps to initiate the DNA damage response, altering chromatin by modifying a histone-code mediator protein, HP1, but not the code itself.
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PMID:HP1-beta mobilization promotes chromatin changes that initiate the DNA damage response. 1843 99

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) not only interrupt the genetic information, but also disrupt the chromatin structure, and both impairments require repair mechanisms to ensure genome integrity. We showed previously that RNF8-mediated chromatin ubiquitylation protects genome integrity by promoting the accumulation of repair factors at DSBs. Here, we provide evidence that, while RNF8 is necessary to trigger the DSB-associated ubiquitylations, it is not sufficient to sustain conjugated ubiquitin in this compartment. We identified RNF168 as a novel chromatin-associated ubiquitin ligase with an ability to bind ubiquitin. We show that RNF168 interacts with ubiquitylated H2A, assembles at DSBs in an RNF8-dependent manner, and, by targeting H2A and H2AX, amplifies local concentration of lysine 63-linked ubiquitin conjugates to the threshold required for retention of 53BP1 and BRCA1. Thus, RNF168 defines a new pathway involving sequential ubiquitylations on damaged chromosomes and uncovers a functional cooperation between E3 ligases in genome maintenance.
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PMID:RNF168 binds and amplifies ubiquitin conjugates on damaged chromosomes to allow accumulation of repair proteins. 1920 79

The modification of eukaryotic proteins by covalent attachment of ubiquitin is a versatile signaling event with a wide range of possible consequences. Canonical poly-ubiquitination by Lys-48 linked chains usually destines a protein for degradation by the proteasome. By contrast, attachment of a single ubiquitin or ubiquitin chains linked through Lys-63 or Lys-6 serves a non-proteolytic role. Over the last years, evidence has accumulated that several nuclear proteins become ubiquitinated in response to DNA damage. Typically, these proteins carry mono-ubiquitin or non-classical ubiquitin chains and are localized close to the site of DNA damage. Of particular interest are PCNA and the variant histone H2AX, two key proteins whose ubiquitination serves to recruit factors needed by the cell to cope with the damage. A prerequisite for docking effector proteins to the site of the lesion is the detection of a specific ubiquitin modification, a process that can be mediated by a range of dedicated ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs). As the same types of ubiquitin modification are involved in entirely different processes, the recognition of the ubiquitin mark has to go along with the recognition of the modified protein. Thus, ubiquitin-binding domains gain their specificity through combination with other recognition domains and motifs. This review discusses ubiquitin-binding domains relevant to the DNA damage response, including their binding mode, their specificity, and their interdependence with other factors. For several repair pathways, current knowledge of the events downstream of the ubiquitin mark is sketchy. A closer look at orphan UBD proteins might lead to the identification of missing pieces in the DNA response puzzle.
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PMID:Ubiquitin-binding domains and their role in the DNA damage response. 1921 13

Recruitment of RAD18 to stalled replication forks facilitates monoubiquitination of PCNA during S-phase, promoting translesion synthesis at sites of UV irradiation-induced DNA damage. In this study, we show that RAD18 is also recruited to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) forming foci which are co-localized with 53BP1, NBS1, phosphorylated ATM, BRCA1 and gamma-H2AX. RAD18 associates with 53BP1 and is recruited to DSB sites in a 53BP1-dependent manner specifically during G1-phase, RAD18 monoubiquitinates KBD domain of 53BP1 at lysine 1268 in vitro. A monoubiquitination-resistant 53BP1 mutant harboring a substitution at lysine 1268 is not retained efficiently at the chromatin in the vicinity of DSBs. In Rad18-null cells, retention of 53BP1 foci, efficiency of DSB repair and post-irradiation viability are impaired compared with wild-type cells. Taken together, these results suggest that RAD18 promotes 53BP1-directed DSB repair by enhancing retention of 53BP1, possibly through an interaction between RAD18 and 53BP1 and the modification of 53BP1.
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PMID:RAD18 promotes DNA double-strand break repair during G1 phase through chromatin retention of 53BP1. 1922 10

Recent evidence from a wide variety of biological systems has indicated important regulatory roles for post-translation histone modifications in cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression, DNA damage response and recombination. Phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 is a critical event in the response to DNA damage, but the functional implications of this modification are not yet clear. To investigate the role of H2AX phosphorylation we ectopically expressed epitope-tagged H2AX or mutants at the phosphorylation site. GFP-tagged wild type H2AX, H2AX Ser139Ala or H2AX Ser139Glu proteins were efficiently expressed, localizing exclusively to the interphase nucleus and to condensed chromosomes during mitosis. Biochemical fractionation indicated that epitope-tagged H2AX proteins are incorporated into nucleosomes. Expression of H2AX Ser139Ala, which disrupts the phosphorylation site partially suppressed early G(2)/M arrest following ionizing radiation, and cells expressing this mutant were more sensitive to DNA damage. Conversely, expression of H2AX Ser139Glu, designed as phosphorylation mimic, induced a decrease in the number of cells in mitosis in the absence of DNA damage. Interestingly, this decrease induced by H2AX Ser139Glu was independent of the formation of 53BP1-containing foci and was partially suppressed in CHK2-deficient cells, suggesting a role for CHK2 in this process. Further analyses revealed that expression of either mutant lead to apoptosis and induced higher caspase-3/7 activity compared to expression of wild type H2AX. In addition, we also identified Lys119 as a site for ubiquitination that controls H2AX half-life. Phosphorylation of Ser139 and ubiquitination of K119 are not interdependent. Taken together these results demonstrate a role for H2AX Serine 139 phosphorylation in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, and for Lysine 119 in the control of H2AX turnover.
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PMID:Ectopic expression of histone H2AX mutants reveals a role for its post-translational modifications. 1930 55

Reversible topoisomerase I (Top1)-DNA cleavage complexes are the key DNA lesion induced by anticancer camptothecins (CPTs) (e.g. topotecan and irinotecan) as well as structurally perturbed DNAs (e.g. oxidatively damaged, UV-irradiated, or alkylated DNA). It has been proposed that Top1 cleavage complexes arrest advancing replication forks, triggering the formation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) because of replication fork runoff at the Top1 cleavage complex sites on the leading strand. In this study, we show that the formation of replication-dependent DSBs requires the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in CPT-treated cells. First, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 specifically inhibited CPT-induced but not ionizing radiation- or hydroxyurea-induced DSBs as revealed by both the neutral comet assay and measurements of the specific DNA damage signals (e.g. gamma-H2AX, phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Ser-1981), and phosphorylated Chk2 (Ser-33/35)) that are characteristic for DSBs. Knocking down the 20 S proteasome maturation protein also supported the requirement of the proteasome activity for CPT-induced DSBs. Second, CPT-induced DSB signals were shown to require ubiquitin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), a CUL-3-based ubiquitin ligase (E3), and the formation of Lys-48-linked polyubiquitin chains on Top1. Third, immunocytochemical studies revealed that the CPT-induced formation of gamma-H2AX foci occurred at the replication forks and was attenuated by co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. In the aggregate, these results support a replication fork collision model in which Top1 cleavage complexes at the arrested replication forks are degraded by proteasome prior to replication fork runoff on the leading strand to generate DSBs.
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PMID:Proteasome-dependent processing of topoisomerase I-DNA adducts into DNA double strand breaks at arrested replication forks. 1966 69

We previously demonstrated that the PPARgamma agonist Troglitazone (TRG), a potent antiproliferative agent, in combination with the anthracycline antibiotic Doxorubicin (DOX), is an effective killer of multiple drug resistant (MDR) human cancer cells. Cell killing was accompanied by increased global histone H3 acetylation. Presently, we investigated the epigenetic and cell killing effects of TRG in estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF7 breast cancer cells. MCF7 cells were treated with the Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) TRG and Ciglitazone (CIG), the non-TZD PPARgamma agonist 15PGJ2, and the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's) Trichostatin A (TSA), sodium butyrate and PXD101. Using MTT cell viability assays, Western analyzes and mass spectrometry, we showed a dose-dependent increase in cell killing in TRG and HDACi treated cells, that was associated with increased H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and H3K23 acetylation, H2AX and H3S10 phosphorylation, and H3K79 mono- and di-methylation. These effects were mediated through an ER independent pathway. Using HDAC activity assays, TRG inhibited HDAC activity in cells and in cell lysates, similar to that observed with TSA. Furthermore, TRG and TSA induced a slower migrating HDAC1 species that was refractory to HDAC2 associations. Lastly, TRG and the HDACi's decreased total and phosphorylated AKT levels. These findings suggest that TRG's mode of killing may involve downregulation of PI3K signaling through HDAC inhibition, leading to increased global histone post-translational modifications.
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PMID:Troglitazone inhibits histone deacetylase activity in breast cancer cells. 1969 29

Sustained hyperglycemia in diabetes causes alteration of a large number of transcription factors and mRNA transcripts, leading to tissue damage. We investigated whether p300, a transcriptional coactivator with histone acetyl transferase activity, regulates glucose-induced activation of transcription factors and subsequent upregulation of vasoactive factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were incubated in varied glucose concentrations and were studied after p300 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, p300 overexpression, or incubation with the p300 inhibitor curcumin. Histone H2AX phosphorylation and lysine acetylation were examined for oxidative DNA damage and p300 activation. Screening for transcription factors was performed with the Luminex system. Alterations of selected transcription factors were validated. mRNA expression of p300, endothelin-1 (ET-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and fibronectin (FN) and its splice variant EDB(+)FN and FN protein production were analyzed. HUVECs in 25 mmol/l glucose showed increased p300 production accompanied by increased binding of p300 to ET-1 and FN promoters, augmented histone acetylation, H2AX phosphorylation, activation of multiple transcription factors, and increased mRNA expression of vasoactive factors and ECM proteins. p300 overexpression showed a glucose-like effect on the mRNA expression of ET-1, VEGF, and FN. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated p300 blockade or chemical inhibitor of p300 prevented such glucose-induced changes. Similar mRNA upregulation was also seen in the organ culture of vascular tissues, which was prevented by p300 siRNA transfection. Data from these studies suggest that glucose-induced p300 upregulation is an important upstream epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression of vasoactive factors and ECM proteins in endothelial cells and is a potential therapeutic target for diabetic complications.
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PMID:Transcriptional coactivator p300 regulates glucose-induced gene expression in endothelial cells. 1990 65

The MYST family of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) function in a wide variety of cellular operations, including gene regulation and the DNA damage response. Here we report the characterization of the second MYST family KAT in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (TgMYST-B). Toxoplasma causes birth defects and is an opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised, the latter due to its ability to convert into a latent cyst (bradyzoite). We demonstrate that TgMYST-B can gain access to the parasite nucleus and acetylate histones. Overexpression of recombinant, tagged TgMYST-B reduces growth rate in vitro and confers protection from a DNA-alkylating agent. Expression of mutant TgMYST-B produced no growth defect and failed to protect against DNA damage. We demonstrate that cells overexpressing TgMYST-B have increased levels of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and phosphorylated H2AX and that TgMYST-B localizes to the ATM kinase gene. Pharmacological inhibitors of ATM kinase or KATs reverse the slow growth phenotype seen in parasites overexpressing TgMYST-B. These studies are the first to show that a MYST KAT contributes to ATM kinase gene expression, further illuminating the mechanism of how ATM kinase is up-regulated to respond to DNA damage.
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PMID:MYST family lysine acetyltransferase facilitates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase-mediated DNA damage response in Toxoplasma gondii. 2015 70


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