Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P15586 (glucosamine)
 9,425 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Autopsy brain samples from patients with late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms of ceroid-lipofuscinosis (CL) and cultured skin fibroblasts from juvenile CL were analyzed for the content of phosphodolichol (P-Dol) related compounds. The levels of P-Dol obtained on treatment with hot dilute acid of the chloroform-methanol (CM 2:1) extract and the chloroform-methanol-water (CMW 1:1:3) extract of the residue were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography. Compared to age-matched control individuals, the levels of P-Dol obtained in both the extracts were increased more than 6.6 times in all the patient samples. Further analysis of the CMW extract indicates that the increased P-Dol is primarily due to oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichol. Cultured skin fibroblasts from the juvenile form of CL show normal level of free dolichol and elevated level of phosphorylated dolichols. Glycoprotein synthesis measured by incorporation of labeled glucosamine show no deficit in the transfer of oligosaccharides from lipids to proteins. A hypothesis is presented to explain the accumulation of oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichol and deficiency of lysosomal proteases in ceroid-lipofuscinosis.
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PMID:Oligosaccharyl diphosphodolichols in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses. 314 22

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from five species of oral Bacteroides, B. gingivalis strains 381 and ATCC 33277, B. oralis ATCC 33269, B. loescheii ATCC 15930, B. intermedius ATCC 25611 and B. corporis ATCC 33547, were extracted from whole cells by the phenol/water procedure, and subsequently purified by treatment with nuclease and ultracentrifugation. The LPS were composed of hexoses, glucosamine, fatty acids and phosphorus. Heptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were not detected. The LPS preparations from B. gingivalis strains 381 and ATCC 33277 presented very similar SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns when stained with ammoniacal silver. They produced a fused precipitin band against an antiserum to B. gingivalis 381 LPS in immunodiffusion tests. Antisera raised against the LPS from B. loescheii and B. intermedius reacted with the LPS prepared from all the oral Bacteroides strains except those of B. gingivalis. All the LPS preparations were mitogenic for spleen cells of BALB/c (nu/nu) mice, but not for thymus cells from C3H/HeN mice. The LPS induced marked mitogenic responses and polyclonal B cell activation for spleen cells of not only C3H/HeN (LPS responder) mice, but also C3H/HeJ (LPS nonresponder) mice. The mitogenic responses were not suppressed significantly upon addition of polymyxin B to the reaction mixture. These LPS also enhanced interleukin-1 production by murine peritoneal macrophages and mouse cell line J744. 1 macrophages. Hydrolysis of B. gingivalis ATCC 33277 LPS in 1 m-HCl at 100 degrees C for 1 h yielded lipid and polysaccharide. The lipid portion was largely composed of fatty acids and glucosamine, and was mitogenic for spleen cells from C3H/HeJ as well as C3H/HeN mice, while the polysaccharide portion induced no significant mitogenic responses under similar experimental conditions.
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PMID:Serological properties and immunobiological activities of lipopolysaccharides from black-pigmented and related oral Bacteroides species. 315 Dec 7

N-(n-Propyl)-, N-(n-butyl)-, and N-(n-amyl)-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine were newly synthesized by (a) addition of each n-alkylamine to glucose, (b) high-pressure catalytic reduction of each glucosamine thus formed to the corresponding glucamine, and (c) reaction of the resultant secondary amines with CS2 to form the dithiocarboxy derivatives. Each compound was evaluated as an antagonist of acute cadmium (Cd) toxicity and as a complexing agent for intracellular metallothionein-bound Cd (Cd-MT) in mice. N-Benzyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine (BDCG) was used as a positive control compound. Each congener afforded partial or complete protection against the lethal effects of 10.0 mg/kg CdCl2.2.5 H2O, and retarded accumulation of Cd in livers and kidneys when given 2 h after the acutely toxic dose of Cd. Each derivative was also effective in mobilizing Cd from MT-bound sites in livers and kidneys of mice which had received a sub-lethal dose of CdCl2 along with 109CdCl2 2 weeks earlier. Excretion of mobilized Cd was almost exclusively by the fecal route. Potency of the analogs, as well as the octanol/aqueous partition coefficients, increased with the overall length of the N-(n-alkyl) carbon chain. Each compound readily complexed Cd from partially purified Cd-MT in vitro. Serum Cd from mice treated with BDCG was associated principally with proteins of high molecular weight.
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PMID:N-alkyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine analogs as cadmium antagonists: synthesis and evaluation of the n-propyl, n-butyl, and n-amyl derivatives. 325 Mar 73

Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoproteins are apparently synthesized with a hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal peptide that is cleaved and replaced by a complex glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor within 1 min of the completion of polypeptide synthesis. The rapidity of this carboxyl-terminal modification suggests the existence of a prefabricated core glycolipid that would be transferred en bloc to the variant surface glycoprotein polypeptide. We report the purification and chemical characterization of a glycolipid from T. brucei that has properties consistent with a role as a variant surface glycoprotein glycolipid donor. This candidate glycolipid precursor has been defined by thin-layer chromatography of extracts of trypanosomes metabolically labeled with radioactive myristic acid, ethanolamine, glucosamine, mannose, and phosphate and by enzymatic, chemical, and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Mild alkali released 100% of the myristic acid, and reaction with phospholipase A2 released 50%. Nitrous acid deamination generated dimyristylphosphatidylinositol, and periodate oxidation released phosphatidic acid. Treatment of purified glycolipid with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C released dimyristylglycerol and a water-soluble glycan that was sized on Bio-Gel P-4 columns. The candidate precursor contained mannose, myristic acid, phosphate, and ethanolamine with an unsubstituted amino group, but not galactose.
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PMID:Candidate glycophospholipid precursor for the glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoproteins. 333

Three acidic polymer fractions with molecular masses of about 16 kDa, 35 kDa and 70 kDa were isolated from lysozyme digests of N-acetylated cell walls of Bacillus polymyxa AHU 1385 by ion-exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. These fractions, containing mannosamine, glucosamine and pyruvic acid in a molar ratio of about 1:1:1 together with glycopeptide components, were characterized as polysaccharide-linked glycopeptides with one, two and more polysaccharide chains. On the other hand, treatment of the cell walls with glycine/HC1 buffer, pH 2.5, at 100 degrees C for 10 min followed by separation of water-soluble products on ion-exchange chromatography gave three polysaccharide fractions, PS-I-III, which contained different amounts of pyruvic acid (0,0.6 and 0.9 residue/mannosamine residue) along with equimolar amounts of mannosamine and glucosamine. Pyruvate-free polysaccharides similar to PS-I were also obtained from PS-II, PS-III and polysaccharide-linked glycopeptides by treatment with 10 mM HC1 at 100 degrees C for 1 h. Results of analyses of these polysaccharide preparations by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR measurement and methylation, together with data from characterization of fragments obtained by hydrogen fluoride hydrolysis, lead to the most likely structure, ----3)[4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)]ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNac(beta 1----, for the acidic polysaccharide of this strain.
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PMID:Pyruvic-acid-containing polysaccharide in the cell wall of Bacillus polymyxa AHU 1385. 338 45

Two strains of the gliding phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus were investigated for the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With both strains, all fractions of hot phenol-water extracts and the extracted cell residues from whole cells or cell homogenates were found to be free from characteristic LPS constituents, such as 3-hydroxy fatty acids, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, heptoses, or O-chain sugars. Phenolchloroform-petroleum ether extracts were also free from precipitable LPS. A lipid A fraction could not be obtained, and there was no hint for glucosamine as a possible lipid A backbone amino sugar. Absence of LPS was confirmed by sodium deoxycholate gel electrophoresis.
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PMID:Absence of a characteristic cell wall lipopolysaccharide in the phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. 338 7

Acapsular mutant Cryptococcus neoformans cap 67 was grown in Pine's citrate broth medium for 3 days and the cells then transferred to a nitrogen-free medium for 6 days. The cells were subjected to a four stage extraction with buffered Triton-X100, cold dilute alkaline borohydride, hot dilute acetic acid, and a second alkaline extraction. Galactoxylomannan antigens were recovered from the culture supernates of both 3 day-old and 9 day-old yeast cells. The alkaline extracts contained water-soluble galactoxylomannan and a water-insoluble glucan. Dilute acid treatment released a minor amount of carbohydrate from the cells. The second alkaline extraction yielded increased amounts of glucan and galactoxylomannan from the 9 day-old cells. Soluble non-dialyzable cell extracts were antigenically identical in immunodiffusion with the culture supernate antigens. After the extraction sequence, all of the galactose, xylose, and mannose were removed from the cells. The walls retained their shape after extraction but their layers were loosened. Cells resuspended in nitrogen-free medium for six days developed thickened walls with alternating electron-dense and electron-lucent layers. The major constituent of the thickened 9 day-old cell walls was glucose, only 5% glucosamine was detected.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of acapsular mutant Cryptococcus neoformans cap 67 and monosaccharide composition of cell extracts. 351 96

A highly purified bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparation was exposed in water to megadoses of ionizing radiation from a 60Co source. As evidenced by electrophoresis, the radiation treatment progressively degraded the lipopolysaccharide molecules by removing first the O-side chain units and then components of the R-core. Chemical analysis of the irradiated (LPS) preparations showed that, in accord with the structural changes, the most profound effects of ionizing radiation occurred in the hydrophilic oligo/polysaccharide moieties (R-core and O-side chain). Progressively higher doses of radiation degraded the simple sugars in decreasing order of galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, glucose, and heptose. The R-core component 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was the most "resistant" sugar derivative to ionizing radiation. Due to its central position in the LPS aggregates in water, even at comparatively high doses of radiation the hydrophobic lipid A moiety of endotoxin was less affected than the sugar components. Of the fatty acids of lipid A, however, either partial conversion of beta-hydroxymyristic acid into myristic acid or selective loss of the former occurred. The observed structural and chemical changes of LPS are consistent with the effect of active oxygen radicals of radiolysis. In addition, the extensive physicochemical changes explain the altered biological reactivity of radiation-treated endotoxins.
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PMID:Modification of the chemical composition and structure of the U.S. Reference Standard Endotoxin (RSE) by 60Co radiation. 351 96

This study determined the amino acid and carbohydrate composition of 2 cercarial glycocalyx preparations obtained after phenol-water extraction and subsequent gel chromatography. Labeled cercariae were subjected to 85% phenol, thereby dissociating the glycocalyx into the aqueous phase, which was dialyzed and chromatographed on Sepharose CL-2B or -4B in either 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) or 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The label eluted primarily in the void volume and was antigenic as tested with rabbit polyclonal antibodies by immunoblotting. Approximately 6 micrograms of protein and 28 micrograms of carbohydrate were obtained from 10(5) cercariae in the antigenic void volume fraction after SDS chromatography. Threonine, serine, and glutamic acid comprised 44% of the amino acid residues of the protein. The predominant sugar was fucose. Galactosamine, glucosamine, galactose, and mannose were also detected. After GuHCl chromatography, free amino acids, predominantly glycine and serine, comprised 17% of the total protein. The carbohydrate composition was similar to that of SDS-chromatographed extracts. Phenol-water extracts eluting in the void volume of Sepharose CL-2B were compared by negative staining and scanning electron microscopy with material obtained from medium in which cercariae shed glycocalyx during transformation to schistosomula. Both the isolated material and the transformation medium contained particles 20-50 nm in diameter, with subunits of 15-20 nm. These studies show that the cercarial glycocalyx is particulate, contains mainly carbohydrate and some protein, and is solubilized by phenol-water extraction.
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PMID:Ultrastructure, carbohydrate, and amino acid analysis of two preparations of the cercarial glycocalyx of Schistosoma mansoni. 359 1

An analytical method is developed to quantitatively determine glucosamine, galactosamine, and mannosamine in dried-and-ground burley and flue-cured tobaccos. Extraction is shown to be quantitative in the range of 0.01 to 2.0% (w/w). The extraction procedure consists of shaking one g of sample with 50 mL of deionized water adjusted to pH 7 for 30 min. This extract is filtered directly into an autosampler vial. An autosampler is programmed to withdraw two different aliquots: one with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatizing solution and the second one from the tobacco extract. The derivatization reaction occurs in the tubing connecting the autosampler and the chromatographic column. The OPA derivatives of these aminosugars are then detected with a fluorimetric detector, and their simultaneous analysis is performed with an external standard. This method is shown to be selective, accurate, and precise.
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PMID:Analysis of OPA-derivatized amino sugars in tobacco by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. 366 35


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