Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P15088 (mast cell)
 14,925 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lysosomes are considered to be a terminal degradative compartment of the endocytic pathway, into which transport is mostly unidirectional. However, specialized secretory vesicles regulated by Ca2+, such as neutrophil azurophil granules, mast cell-specific granules, and cytotoxic lymphocyte lytic granules, share characteristics with lysosomes that may reflect a common biogenesis. In addition, the involvement of Ca2+ transients in the invasion mechanism of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which occurs by fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane, suggested that lysosome exocytosis might be a generalized process present in most cell types. Here we demonstrate that elevation in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts induces fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane. This was verified by measuring the release of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase, the appearance on the plasma membrane of the lysosomal glycoprotein lgp120, the release of fluid-phase tracers previously loaded into lysosomes, and the release of the lysosomally processed form of cathepsin D. Exposure to the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin or addition of Ca2+-containing buffers to streptolysin O-permeabilized cells induced exocytosis of approximately 10% of the total lysosomes of NRK cells. The process was also detected in other cell types such as epithelial cells and myoblasts. Lysosomal exocytosis was found to require micromolar levels of Ca2+ and to be temperature and ATP dependent, similar to Ca2+-regulated secretory mechanisms in specialized cells. These findings highlight a novel role for lysosomes in cellular membrane traffic and suggest that fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane may be an ubiquitous form of Ca2+-regulated exocytosis.
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PMID:Lysosomes behave as Ca2+-regulated exocytic vesicles in fibroblasts and epithelial cells. 910 39

1. We investigated, by intravital microscopy in rats, the role of the subtypes of adenosine receptors A1 (A1/AR) and A2 (A2AR) in mediating adenosine-induced vasodilatation of second and third order arterioles of the diaphragm. 2. Adenosine, and the A1AR selective agonists R(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA) and N6-cyclo-pentyl-adenosine (CPA) induced a similar concentration-dependent dilatation of diaphragmatic arterioles. The non selective A2AR subtype agonist N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl) ethyl]adenosine (DPMA) also dilated diaphragmatic arterioles but induced a significantly smaller dilatation than adenosine. By contrast the selective A(2a)AR subtype agonist 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenyl amino]-5'-N-ethyl carboxamido adenosine (CGS 21680) did not modify diaphragmatic arteriolar diameter. 3. The non selective adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulphophenylxanthine (SPX, 100 microM) and the selective A1AR antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX, 50 nM) significantly attenuated adenosine-induced dilatation of diaphragmatic arterioles. By contrast, adenosine significantly dilated diaphragmatic arterioles in the presence of A2AR antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 10 microM). 4. The dilatation induced by adenosine was unchanged by the mast cell stabilizing agent sodium cromoglycate (cromolyn, 10 microM). 5. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 300 microM) attenuated the dilatation induced by adenosine, and by the A1AR and A2AR agonists. 6. The ATP-dependent K+ channel blocker glibenclamide (3 microM) significantly attenuated diaphragmatic arteriolar dilatation induced by adenosine and by the A1AR agonists R-PIA and CPA. By contrast, glibenclamide did not significantly modify arteriolar dilatation induced by the A2AR agonist DPMA. 7. These findings suggest that adenosine-induced dilatation of diaphragmatic arterioles in the rat is predominantly mediated by the A1AR, via the release of NO and activation of the ATP-dependent K+ channels.
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PMID:Predominant role of A1 adenosine receptors in mediating adenosine induced vasodilatation of rat diaphragmatic arterioles: involvement of nitric oxide and the ATP-dependent K+ channels. 925 14

We evaluated the role of basal nitric oxide (NO) release in the regulation of microvessel permeability under resting conditions. We measured changes in microvessel hydraulic conductivity (Lp) and endothelial cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) after application of NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors to the lumen of individually perfused frog mesenteric venular microvessels. NOS inhibitors caused a transient increase in Lp. The mean ratios of peak test Lp values relative to control values in the presence of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 microM were 2.5 +/- 0.6, 2.9 +/- 0.7, and 4.8 +/- 0.4, respectively. N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) showed a similar effect and a biologically inactive isomer of L-NMMA, D-NMMA, showed no effect. These results demonstrate that basal levels of NO play a role in modulating microvessel permeability different from that due to NO produced in response to inflammatory agents. In the activated state NOS inhibitors attenuated the increased microvessel permeability in response to ionomycin and ATP [P. He, B. Liu, and F. E. Curry. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 41): H176-H185, 1997]. The transient increase in basal permeability induced by NOS inhibitors was not accompanied by an increase in endothelial cell [Ca2+]i and did not require the presence of extracellular calcium. Application of ketotifen, a mast cell stabilizer, and an iron-chelating reagent, deferoxamine mesylate, attenuated the transient increase in Lp induced by L-NMMA, suggesting that basal NO may have an important antioxidant role in regulating normal permeability.
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PMID:Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on basal microvessel permeability and endothelial cell [Ca2+]i. 927 92

To study the role of the focal adhesion tyrosine kinase (FAK) in receptor-mediated secretion, we transfected FAK cDNA into a variant (3B6) of the RBL-2H3 mast cell line. This 3B6 cell line expressed low levels of FAK and was defective in high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) but not Ca2+ ionophore-mediated secretion. FcepsilonRI-mediated secretion was reconstituted after transfection of wild-type FAK. Histamine release was also enhanced by the stable expression of two mutants of FAK: a kinase-inactive form in which the ATP binding site Lys-454 was replaced by Arg or a mutant in which the autophosphorylation site Tyr-397 was replaced by Phe. Therefore, the catalytic activity and the autophosphorylation site of FAK are not essential for secretion. FcepsilonRI aggregation increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of both mutants of FAK to the same extent as wild-type FAK. Therefore, tyrosine kinases activated by FcepsilonRI aggregation are phosphorylating FAK and some of these phosphorylation sites are other than Tyr-397. These results strongly suggest that FAK plays a role in FcepsilonRI-induced secretion by functioning as an adapter or linker molecule.
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PMID:Reconstitution of high affinity IgE receptor-mediated secretion by transfecting protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK. 937 43

To evaluate nitric oxide (NO) production and the energy state of the heart after endotoxin administration, Wistar rats were injected i.p. with 10 mg/kg Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). Morphologic changes, plasma nitrite concentration, expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cardiac energy state, as reflected by several metabolites, were observed chronologically 0 (control), 4, 6 and 8 h after endotoxin administration. Electrocardiography (ECG) demonstrated arrhythmia after endotoxin administration. Biochemically, NO production increased in blood and iNOS increased in the heart. The amount of myocardial beta-ATP measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) increased transiently and then decreased. This transient increase might be a hyperdynamic response to endotoxin administration. At 4 and 6 h after endotoxin administration, pH measured by 31P-MRS was slightly decreased, but this decline was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the amount of lactate in heart samples increased in the 1H magnetic resonance spectra (1H-MRS). Ultrastructurally, in cardiovascular tissue, intracytoplasmic organelles were observed to be injured in blood vessels and cardiomyocytes associated with mast cell infiltration. These results suggest significant metabolic and morphologic abnormalities in the heart after endotoxin administration.
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PMID:Nitric oxide production and energy state in the heart after endotoxin administration. 970 10

Mast cells are known to secrete endogenously synthesized leukotriene C4 (LTC4), but the identity of the responsible export pump in human mast cells was unknown. The multidrug resistance proteins MRP1 and MRP2 have been identified as primary-active ATP-dependent export pumps for various amphiphilic anions including the glutathione conjugate LTC4. We therefore studied the expression at the RNAand protein levels of both MRP1 and MRP2 as well as the ATP-dependent LTC4 transport in the human mast cell line HMC-1. Upon stimulation by 1 microM ionomycin, intact HMC-1 cells generated 26 pmol LTC4/10(8) cells within 20 min. Transport experiments using inside-out HMC-1 membrane vesicles demonstrated an ATP-dependent LTC4 transport amounting to 1.4 pmol x (mg protein)(-1) x min(-1). Reverse transcription PCR indicated that HMC-1 cells express mRNA of MRP1, but not of MRP2 or MRP3. Cloning and sequencing of the amplified PCR fragment confirmed its identity with the human MRP1 sequence. Immunoblots using antibodies against MRP1 and MRP2 demonstrated that HMC-1 cells contain the MRP1 but not the MRP2 protein. Our results indicate that the 190 kDa integral membrane glycoprotein MRP1 mediates the ATP-dependent export of LTC4 from human mast cells to the extracellular space.
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PMID:Human mast cells secreting leukotriene C4 express the MRP1 gene-encoded conjugate export pump. 979 45

Rat mucosal mast cells express P2 purinoceptors, occupation of which mobilizes cytosolic Ca2+ and activates a potassium conductance. The primary function of this P2 system in mast cell biology remains unknown. Here, we show that extracellular ADP causes morphological changes in rat bone marrow-cultured mast cells (BMMC) typical of those occurring in cells stimulated by chemotaxins, and that the nucleotides ADP, ATP, and UTP are effective chemoattractants for rat BMMC. ADP was also a chemotaxin for murine J774 monocytes. The nucleotide selectivity and pertussis toxin sensitivity of the rat BMMC migratory response suggest the involvement of P2U receptors. Poorly hydrolyzable derivatives of ADP and ATP were effective chemotaxins, obviating a role for adenosine receptors. Buffering of external Ca2+ at 100 nM or reduction of the electrical gradient driving Ca2+ entry (by elevating external K+) blocked ADP-driven chemotaxis, suggesting a role for Ca2+ influx in this process. Anaphylatoxin C5a was a potent chemotaxin (EC50 approximately 0.5 nM) for J774 monocytes, but it was inactive on rat BMMC in the presence or absence of laminin. Ca2+ removal or elevated [K+] had modest effects on C5a-driven chemotaxis of J774 cells, implicating markedly different requirements for Ca2+ signaling in C5a- vs ADP-mediated chemotaxis. This is supported by the observation that depletion of Ca2+ stores with thapsigargin completely blocked migration induced by ADP but not C5a. These findings suggest that adenine nucleotides liberated from parasite-infested tissue could participate in the recruitment of mast cells by intestinal mucosa.
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PMID:Chemotaxis of rat mast cells toward adenine nucleotides. 1039 94

The aim of this article is to review the interplay between adenosine and mast cells in asthma. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside released from metabolically active cells and generated extracellularly via the degradation of released ATP. It is a potent biological mediator that modulates the activity of numerous cell types including platelets, neutrophils and mast cells via action at specific adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, A3). These receptors are expressed on mast cells but the exact pattern of receptor subtype expression depends on the source of the mast cells. Adenosine is also a potent bronchoconstricting agent and is suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma. Evidence is provided to suggest that the nucleoside exerts its influence on the asthmatic condition through its ability to modulate the release of mast cell derived mediators. However, the mechanism of adenosine/mast cell interaction which contributes to asthma remains unclear. Progress in the area has been hampered by the heterogeneity of mast cell responses and a lack of highly specific receptor agonists and antagonists. The expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes on mast cells is described. The final section of the review presents data to suggest that BAL mast cells may provide an accurate and relevant model for future investigations and together with the development of superior pharmacological tools, may aid the realisation of the therapeutic potential of adenosine/mast cell interactions in asthma. In conclusion, the role of adenosine in asthma is clearly complex. A better understanding of the contribution of adenosine to the asthmatic condition may lead to novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of the disease.
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PMID:Adenosine, mast cells and asthma. 1044 81

This review summarizes our studies on the molecular biology of prostaglandin (PG) receptors and L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Regarding PG receptors, we have cloned five basic PG receptors (DP, EP, FP, IP, TP) and four EP subtypes (EP1-EP4). The PG receptors are divided into three families related to signal transduction systems of the receptors; Gs-couple group (IP, DP, EP2 and EP4), Gq-couple group (TP, FP and EP1), and Gi-couple group (EP3 and its isoform). EP3 isoforms having different C-terminal peptides can couple to distinct G proteins (Gi, Gs, Gq). Tissue specific expression of EP subtype mRNAs was observed in various organs. The phenotypic changes of mice deficient in each receptor are; the abnormal labor in FP-deficient mice, the failure of febrile response in EP3-deficient mice, the abnormal closure of ductus arteriosus after birth in EP4-deficient mice, and the impaired inflammatory swelling and pain responses in IP-deficient mice. Regarding HDC, we have purified mouse HDC from mastocytoma cells, which is a dimer of 53 kDa subunit, and then cloned its cDNA. The size of a cDNA-deduced HDC is 74 kDa. In the rat mast cell line, the endogenous 74 kDa form of HDC was translated in the cytosol and then translocated to the ER, where it was post-translationally processed to the 53 kDa form. On the other hand, the cytosolic 74 kDa form was rapidly degraded by an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent proteasome system. The 74 kDa form without on N-terminal signal sequence is inserted into the ER membrane with a C-terminal segment.
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PMID:[Molecular biology of prostaglandin receptor and L-histidine decarboxylase]. 1051 17

We previously reported that the glycoprotein extracted from aloe strongly inhibited the mediator releases caused by the activation of guinea pig lung mast cells. Therefore, this study aimed to purify a single component that has an antiallergic effect from crude aloe extract and then to assess the effects of aloe single component (alprogen) on the mechanism of mediator releases caused by the mast cell activation. We purified aloe extracts by using various columns. We also purified mast cells from guinea pig lung tissues by using enzyme digestion, rough and discontinuous density Percoll gradient. Mast cells were sensitized with IgG(1) (anti-ovalbumin) and challenged with ovalbumin. Histamine was assayed by using a fluorometric analyzer and leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay. [Ca(2+)](i) level was analyzed by using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Protein kinase activity was determined by the protein phosphorylated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP. The phospholipase D activity was assessed by the labeled phosphatidylalcohol. The amount of mass 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) was measured by the [(3)H]DAG produced when prelabeled with [(3)H]myristic acid. Phospholipase A(2) activity was determined by measuring the lyso-phosphatidylcholine released from the labeled phospholipids. Alprogen significantly decreased histamine and leukotriene releases and blocked completely Ca(2+) influx during mast cell activation. The protein kinase C and phospholipase D activities were decreased by alprogen in dose-dependent manner. Alprogen inhibited mass DAG formation and the phospholipase A(2) activity during mast cell activation. The data suggest that alprogen purified from aloe inhibits multiple signals as well as blocking Ca(2+) influx caused by mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions and that then the inhibition of histamine and leukotriene release follows.
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PMID:Inhibitory mechanism of aloe single component (alprogen) on mediator release in guinea pig lung mast cells activated with specific antigen-antibody reactions. 1060 37


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