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Query: UNIPROT:P15088 (mast cell)
 14,925 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies indicated that eosinophils and mast cells accumulate and become activated in inflammatory bowel disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the presence of eosinophil and mast cell mediators in human stool samples of patients with inflammatory bowel disorders. We measured eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX), methylhistamine, and alpha 1-antitrypsin in fecal samples of 136 patients (62 Crohn's disease, 24 ulcerative colitis, 15 intestinal food allergy, 35 other gastrointestinal diseases) and 8 healthy controls. We found strongly elevated levels of ECP (median: 29, range: 0.4-1783 ng/g feces) and EPX (803, 10-33,225 ng/g) in all patients groups compared to controls (ECP: 1.5, 0.5-55 ng/g; EPX: 235, 12-746 ng/g). Similar results, albeit less pronounced, were obtained for methylhistamine and alpha 1-antitrypsin. Particularly high concentrations of ECP and EPX were found in patients with active mucosal inflammation. In conclusion, the study presents an easy and reliable method for the detection of fecal ECP, EPX, and methylhistamine and may provide a tool to gain insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and have potential as diagnostic test.
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PMID:Quantification of inflammatory mediators in stool samples of patients with inflammatory bowel disorders and controls. 905 25

There is an accumulation of evidence to suggest that mast cells may play a key role in gastrointestinal inflammation. We have investigated the numbers and heterogeneity in staining properties of mast cells in biopsies of the duodenum of normal subjects (n = 10), and of normal duodenum from patients with Crohn's disease of the ileum and/or colon (n = 7) or with Helicobacter-associated gastritis of the antrum/corpus (n = 6). In normal donors, two subsets of mast cells, one located in the duodenal mucosa and the other in the submucosa, were clearly distinguished by their morphology and dye-binding properties. Whereas submucosal mast cells stained metachromatically with Toluidine Blue after neutral formalin fixation and emitted a yellow fluorescence after staining with Berberine sulphate, those in the mucosa were invisible using these stains. In patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease, there were marked changes in the numbers of mucosal mast cells compared with control subjects even though the duodenal biopsies were from apparently uninvolved tissue. Gastritis was associated with increased mucosal mast cell numbers (controls: 187 +/- 23 cells mm-2; gastritis: 413 +/- 139 cells mm-2; p = 0.0004), but mean mucosal mast cell counts in the uninvolved duodenum of Crohn's patients were actually decreased (34 +/- 30 cells mm-2, p = 0.0147). The clear differentiation between mucosal and submucosal mast cells on the basis of metachromasia with Toluidine Blue was not seen in biopsies from the patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease. Previous studies which have suggested that there are no distinct mucosal and submucosal mast cell subsets in the human intestine may, therefore, have been affected by the use of tissue from diseased subjects. Heterogeneity in the expression of mast cell tryptase and chymase was seen by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies, but the relative numbers of mast cell subsets were critically dependent on the methods used. Using a sensitive staining procedure, the majority of mucosal mast cells stained positively for chymase as well as for tryptase, an observation confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy and immunoabsorption studies. Our findings suggest that early stages in intestinal inflammation may be reflected in changes in mast cell numbers and in their staining properties, and call for a reappraisal of mast cell heterogeneity in the human intestinal tract.
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PMID:Number, fixation properties, dye-binding and protease expression of duodenal mast cells: comparisons between healthy subjects and patients with gastritis or Crohn's disease. 942 79

Mast cell stabilizers are commonly used in the treatment of asthma and allergic disorders. Although the role of mucosal mast cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remains uncertain, mast cell stabilizers have been shown in animal models to attenuate the severity of experimental colitis. The authors' experience with ketotifen in three patients--one each with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and collagenous colitis--who had demonstrated allergy to, or intolerance of, 5-aminosalicylic acid is reported.
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PMID:Ketotifen treatment of active colitis in patients with 5-aminosalicylate intolerance. 965 66

Mast cells are traditionally known for mediating allergic reactions. In addition, these cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of clinical conditions such as atopic and contact dermatitis, bullous pemphigoid, fibrotic lung disease, neurofibromatosis, psoriasis, scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, interstitial cystitis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, but their role in host defense was an enigma until recently. Owing to the strategic location of mast cells at the host environment interface, their role in bacterial infections has been studied by a number of investigators. Latest reports show that mast cells have an ability to modulate the host's innate immune response to infectious agents. This review discusses the clinical implications of mast cell-bacteria interactions.
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PMID:Clinical implications of mast cell-bacteria interaction. 972 64

Sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid are very useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of the inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. However, the mechanism of action of the aminosalicylates remains obscure. Recently, many studies about their mechanism have been performed. As a result, aminosalicylates have been identified to have several antiinflammatory pathways: (1) alterations in eicosanoid metabolism of arachidonic acid; particularly inhibition of leukotrien B4 production, (2)free radical scavengers; scavenging reactive oxygen metabolites or nitric oxide (3)immunologic suppression; inhibition of HLA-DR expression on the intestinal epithelial cells, inflammatory cytokine(IL-1 and IL-2) production, adhesion molecule expression, platelet-activating factor release, or histamine release from mast cell, and so on.
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PMID:[Salazosulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid agents for the treatment of ulcerative colitis]. 1057 15

There have frequently been doubts as to the relevance of food allergy, in particular as far as the involvement of the intestinal tract is concerned. Several studies, however, have confirmed the existence of allergic reactions in the gut, with an estimated prevalence of about 1-2% in adults. Clinical symptoms are unspecific and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cramping and diarrhea. Intestinal mast cells, as well as intestinal eosinophils, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of food-allergy-related enteropathy. In addition to classical IgE-dependent degranulation, further agonists have been demonstrated for mast cell activation, for example IL-4. The methods used to confirm the diagnosis of intestinal allergy are still insufficient. Until now, blinded oral challenge procedures with food antigens have been accepted as the 'gold standard' in diagnosing food allergy, although these tests have practical problems. Therefore, new test systems have been developed, such as endoscopic provocation tests, that may improve diagnostic procedures. Elimination diet still presents the main basis of therapy. Aspects to be focused on in the future are the role fo IgE-independent allergic mechanisms in intestinal allergy, the impact of cross-reactivity with other allergens and the relationship to other inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome.
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PMID:Allergy and the gut. 1082 17

1. This in vitro study was designed to determine the potential use of the NK(1) antagonist, SR140333 as an anti-diarrhoeal treatment for food allergy or inflammatory bowel disease. The effect of various immune and neuronal stimuli on human colonic substance P (SP) release and the effect of SR140333 on subsequently stimulated mucosal ion transport was investigated. 2. Submucosal and sensory nerve fibre stimulation using electrical field stimulation (1 ms/7 Hz/7 V) and capsaicin (50 microM) respectively, mast cell activation by anti-IgE (1/250 dilution) and granulocyte stimulation using fMLP (50 microM) each released SP and evoked a secretory response. 3. SP and the NK(1) selective agonist, Sar-SP (0.1 - 1000 nM) stimulated an increase in colonic secretion which was antagonized by SR140333 (pD'(2)=6.7 and 7.25 versus SP and Sar-SP respectively). 4. SR140333, at a concentration that blocked NK(1)-mediated secretion (500 nM), also reduced the secretory response to both alphaIgE and capsaicin. This suggests a pathophysiologic role for NK(1) receptors. 5. Capsaicin evoked SP release was increased in tissue taken from Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis patients. The response to SP was however reduced by 70 and 89% respectively. 6. Mast cells and sensory afferents contribute to allergic diarrhoea. Since SR140333 reduced the secretory response to mast cell and afferent stimulation this compound may be particularly useful in reducing the symptoms of food allergy.
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PMID:Human colonic anti-secretory activity of the potent NK(1) antagonist, SR140333: assessment of potential anti-diarrhoeal activity in food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. 1149 21

Nerve growth factor (NGF), a target-derived factor for survival and maintenance of peripheral and central neurons, has been implicated in inflammatory processes. Mast cells are the principal effector cells in IgE-dependent hypersensitivity reactions, and also play a role in diseases characterised by inflammation, including those of the nervous system like multiple sclerosis. Mast cells are capable of synthesising and responding to NGF, although the occurrence of other members of the NGF family of neurotrophins and their protein forms have not been described. Immunoblot analysis with highly selective neurotrophin antibodies has now been used to show that rat peritoneal mast cells express a higher molecular weight form (73 kDa) of NGF, but not the monomeric (13 kDa) NGF polypeptide. Mast cells also expressed 73 kDa forms of neurotrophin-4 and neurotrophin-3; brain-derived neurotrophic factor was not detected. Medium conditioned by degranulating peritoneal mast cells contained similar high molecular weight forms of NGF and neurotrophin-4 on Western blots, but no neurotrophin-3. Mast cell-derived neurotrophin immunoreactivities were inhibited by the respective peptide antigen, further demonstrating the specificity of the mast cell-derived neurotrophic protein. Mast cell-released proteins supported the survival of cultured chicken embryonic neural crest- and placode-derived sensory neurons; neurotrophic activities were inhibited by neutralising antibodies for NGF and neurotrophin-4, respectively. High molecular isoforms of neurotrophins have been reported to occur in experimental colitis and in the inflamed gut of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, tissue sites rich in mast cells. The data suggest an important role for neurotrophins in the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease.
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PMID:Mast cells differentially express and release active high molecular weight neurotrophins. 1175 74

Chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by mast cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory mediators. The determinant(s) responsible for stimulating mast cells in the intestinal mucosa is not known. We investigated the interaction of mast cells with type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli, an opportunistic pathogen and a constituent of the normal indigenous microflora of the gut. Unlike a mutant derivative deficient in the FimH subunit of the fimbriae or nonfimbriated E. coli, type 1 fimbriated E. coli adhered avidly to mast cells. As a consequence of this interaction, the mast cells phagocytozed and killed adherent bacteria. The mast cell bactericidal activity involved generation of superoxide anion and acidification of phagocytic vacuoles. In addition, many of the mast cells had degranulated and released inflammatory mediators such as histamine. These observations have implications both for normal host defense and for the initiation and perpetuation of inappropriate inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Bacteria--Mast Cell Interactions in Inflammatory Disease. 1185 88

Mucosal biopsy criteria has limited validity in terms of discrimination between ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of this study was to set up quantitative immunohistochemical criteria, with a special focus on inflammatory cell distribution within individual specimens and throughout the large bowel. Quantitative evaluation was performed for the density of CD8+, CD45RO+, neutrophil elastase+, CD68+ and mast cell tryptase+ cells in affected and unaffected mucosa taken from 41 patients with UC and 61 patients with CD. Each slide was examined at the highest and lowest density fields, which were further divided into the upper and deeper half of mucosa. Multiple logistic regression analysis using 51 features as independent variables constructed a predictive equation finding the probability of UC (PUC), and the diagnostic categories were subsequently defined based on a receiver-operating characteristic curve. The analysis disclosed five significant features suggesting UC; these implied intense infiltration of CD8+ and mast cell tryptase+ cells, diffuse infiltration of neutrophil elastase+ and CD68+ cells, and continuous infiltration of CD45RO+ cells. The criteria consisted of three diagnostic categories, 'suggestive of UC (PUC > or = 0.7)', 'indeterminate (0.3 < PUC < 0.7)', and 'suggestive of CD (PUC < or = 0.3)'; the criteria had values for sensitivity and specificity exceeding 95%. The immunohistochemical criteria distinguishing UC from CD may help to confirm the diagnosis in patients with ambiguous endoscopic and histological diagnosis.
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PMID:Differentiation between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease by a quantitative immunohistochemical evaluation of T lymphocytes, neutrophils, histiocytes and mast cells. 1203 Oct 83


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