Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P15088 (mast cell)
 14,925 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Allergic conjunctival diseases caused by immediate hypersensitivity are classified into several subtypes, including seasonal or perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), atopic karatoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis. The gold standard in treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, especially Japanese cedar pollinosis, is anti allergic ophthalmic solution, mast cell stabilizer and histamine H1 blocker. During the peak pollen count period, we use an ophthalmic steroid solution. Preseasonal treatment with anti allergic ophthalmic solution is effective to decrease symptoms during the peak pollen count period. Topical steroids are most effective treatment for VKC, but are also frequently associated with increasing intraocular pressure. A recent treatment combining anti allergic ophthalmic solution, steroid ophthalmic solution and topical immunomodulator (cyclosporine 0.1% or tacrolimus 0.1%) proves very effective and safe for severe VKC.
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PMID:[Ophthalmology]. 1989 34

Olopatadine is a tricyclic compound with antihistaminic, mast cell-stabilizing, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the United States olopatadine is approved as a b.i.d. ophthalmic solution, Patanol (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) to treat all signs and symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis and as a q.d. formulation, Pataday (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), to treat itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. A nasal spray, Patanase (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.), was approved in 2008 for treatment of the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. The available data on olopatadine was assessed with regard to future uses through a comprehensive literature review and a Roundtable Discussion held at the 2009 meeting of the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology. The unique mechanisms of action of olopatadine still under study include mast cell stabilization, potent H(1)-anthistaminic activity, and anti-inflammatory effects. Data support consideration of nasal olopatadine for as-needed use for episodic symptoms of allergic rhinitis, for treatment of nonallergic rhinitis, and for use in combination with topical steroids for patients with moderate-to-severe allergy symptoms.
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PMID:Comprehensive review of olopatadine: the molecule and its clinical entities. 2040 93

To elucidate the ocular pharmacological properties of bepotastine besilate, a selective histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, when compared with other histamine H(1) receptor antagonists, using guinea pig allergic conjunctivitis models and in vitro models of eosinophil recruitment and mast cell membrane stabilization. Conjunctival vascular hyperpermeability was studied in guinea pigs passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin antiserum or following subconjunctival injection of histamine. Modulation of eosinophil recruitment was evaluated for both platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced eosinophil infiltration in guinea pigs and leukotriene B(4)-induced in vitro chemotaxis of guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils. Membrane-stabilizing effects of bepotastine also were studied with rat peritoneal mast cells stimulated with the ionophore A23187. Histamine H(1) receptor antagonists including bepotastine besilate were topically administered before ovalbumin, histamine or PAF challenges for in vivo experiments or were added directly to mast cell and eosinophil medium in vitro. Bepotastine besilate significantly inhibited conjunctival vascular hyperpermeability in a dose-dependent manner with maximal effect for bepotastine besilate 1.5%. In separate in vivo experiments, bepotastine besilate 1.0% was significantly more effective than levocabastine 0.025% in the passive sensitization model or olopatadine 0.1% in the histamine-induced hyperpermeability model. Bepotastine besilate 1.0% further suppressed PAF-induced eosinophil infiltration into conjunctival tissue more effectively than ketotifen 0.05%. Chemotaxis of guinea pig peritoneal eosinophils and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro were also inhibited by addition of bepotastine. Olopatadine had a weak effect as compared to that of bepotastine on eosinophil chemotaxis and no effect on mast cell histamine release in our study conditions. Bepotastine besilate was more potent than olopatadine, ketotifen, or levocabastine in reducing vascular hyperpermeability in various animal models of allergic conjunctivitis. Mast cell function and eosinophil chemotaxis were also inhibited in vitro with bepotastine, suggesting bepotastine acts as an inhibitor of allergic response through multiple mechanisms: histamine H(1) receptor antagonism, mast cell stabilization, and inhibition of eosinophil migration to ocular inflammatory sites.
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PMID:Bepotastine besilate, a highly selective histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, suppresses vascular hyperpermeability and eosinophil recruitment in in vitro and in vivo experimental allergic conjunctivitis models. 2041 93

Non-allergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis (NAEC) is a fairly common but poorly known ailment, often associated with dry eye syndrome. The majority of patients are middle-aged or elderly women. The symptoms are similar to those in allergic conjunctivitis, whereas atopic allergy cannot be found. Eosinophilic inflammation is first eased by instillation of glucocorticoid antibiotic eye drops, and the treatment is usually continued with mast cell stabilizer and moistening drops for a long time. Short courses of glucocorticoid drops and, sometimes, immunosuppressive medication of longer duration are required as additional therapies.
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PMID:[Non-allergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis]. 2059 44

Over 50% of patients who seek treatment for allergies present with ocular symptoms. Our current ability to control ocular allergic symptoms is greater than ever before. Newer dual-acting topical eyedrops attack multiple facets of the allergic cascade. Azelastine has antihistaminic effects providing immediate relief, mast cell stabilization providing early-phase intervention, and inhibition of expression and activation of anti-inflammatory mediators which characterize the late phase of the immune reaction. The ophthalmic eyedrop formulation is approved for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis in adults and children aged over 3 years. In clinical trials comparing azelastine with other dual-acting eyedrops, such as levocabastine and olopatadine, azelastine was reported to be slightly less efficacious and to sting briefly upon administration. Even so, many patients experienced the full benefit of symptom relief, and preferred azelastine. As a broad-spectrum drug, azelastine offers many desirable properties for management of ocular allergies. Because it can often produce maximal effect with just twice-daily dosing, azelastine is a particularly good choice for the allergic population in whom minimizing exposure to topical products and preservatives is a key concern.
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PMID:Azelastine hydrochloride, a dual-acting anti-inflammatory ophthalmic solution, for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. 2085 95

Ocular allergy is an inflammatory response of the conjunctival mucosa that also affects the cornea and eyelids. Allergic conjunctivitis includes seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) and giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC). In general, allergic conditions involve mast cell degranulation that leads to release of inflammatory mediators and activation of enzymatic cascades generating pro-inflammatory mediators. In chronic ocular inflammatory disorders associated with mast cell activation such as VKC and AKC constant inflammatory response is observed due to predominance of inflammatory mediators such as eosinophils and Th2-generated cytokines. Antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids and immunomodulatory agents are commonly indicated for the treatment of acute and chronic allergic conjunctivitis. In recent years newer drug molecules have been introduced in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. This article reviews recent patents and emerging therapeutics in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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PMID:Recent patents and emerging therapeutics in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. 2117 52

Allergic diseases have greatly increased in industrialized countries. About 30% of people suffer from allergic symptoms and 40%-80% of them have symptoms in the eyes. Atopic conjunctivitis can be divided into seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC). The treatment of SAC is simple; antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, or chromoglycate. In severe cases of SAC, subcutaneous or sublingual immunotherapy is helpful. PAC needs longer therapy, often year round, with mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, and sometimes local steroids. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis is a more severe disease showing chronic blepharitis often connected with severe keratitis. It needs, in many cases, continuous treatment of the lid eczema and keratoconjunctivitis. Blepharitis is treated with tacrolimus or pimecrolimus ointment. Conjunctivitis additionally needs corticosteroids and, if needed, cyclosporine A (CsA) drops are administered for longer periods. Basic conjunctival treatment is with mast cell-stabilizing agents and in addition, antihistamines are administered. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is another chronic and serious allergic disease that mainly affects children and young people. It is a long-lasting disease which commonly subsides in puberty. It demands intensive therapy often for many years to avoid serious complicating corneal ulcers. Treatment is mast cell-stabilizing drops and additionally antihistamines. In relapses, corticosteroids are needed. When the use of corticosteroids is continuous, CsA drops should be used, and in relapses, corticosteroids should be used additionally. Nonallergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis (NAEC) is a less known, but rather common, ocular disease. It affects mostly middle-aged and older women. The eye symptoms of NAEC are largely similar to those seen in chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Basic therapy is mast cell-stabilizing drops. Eosinophilic inflammation needs additional corticosteroids. In severe cases, CsA drops are recommended. Antihistamines should be avoided. It is important to recognize the different forms of allergic ocular diseases and to start the treatment early and intensively enough to avoid chronicity of the disease and accompanying tissue destruction.
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PMID:Updates in the treatment of ocular allergies. 2143 49

Use of topical antihistamines in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis has evolved over the past several decades as our knowledge of the nature of the underlying disease has progressed. Formulations for the eye typically employ H(1)-receptor antagonists with a dual action, both directly as competitors for histamine receptor occupancy and as mast cell-stabilizing agents. Many of these compounds also display activity against late-phase allergic symptoms. Of the newest available drugs, several have a prolonged duration of action allowing once-daily dosing. Future development is likely to focus on long-acting agents such as these and on drugs that can target additional histamine receptor subtypes.
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PMID:Antihistamines in ocular allergy: are they all created equal? 2143 47

Allergic eye disease encompasses a group of hypersensitivity disorders which primarily affect the conjunctiva and its prevalence is increasing. It is estimated to affect 8% of patients attending optometric practice but is poorly managed and rarely involves ophthalmic assessment. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is the most common form of allergic eye disease (90%), followed by perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC; 5%). Both are type 1 IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions where mast cells play an important role in pathophysiology. The signs and symptoms are similar but SAC occurs periodically whereas PAC occurs year round. Despite being a relatively mild condition, the effects on the quality of life can be profound and therefore they demand attention. Primary management of SAC and PAC involves avoidance strategies depending on the responsible allergen(s) to prevent the hypersensitivity reaction. Cooled tear supplements and cold compresses may help bring relief. Pharmacological agents may become necessary as it is not possible to completely avoid the allergen(s). There are a wide range of anti-allergic medications available, such as mast cell stabilisers, antihistamines and dual-action agents. Severe cases refractory to conventional treatment require anti-inflammatories, immunomodulators or immunotherapy. Additional qualifications are required to gain access to these medications, but entry-level optometrists must offer advice and supportive therapy. Based on current evidence, the efficacy of anti-allergic medications appears equivocal so prescribing should relate to patient preference, dosing and cost. More studies with standardised methodologies are necessary elicit the most effective anti-allergic medications but those with dual-actions are likely to be first line agents.
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PMID:A review of non-pharmacological and pharmacological management of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. 2192 24

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis / spring catarrh is a variety of exogenous allergic conjunctivitis, which is a very troublesome ocular disease of childhood and in the adolescent age group. The child suffers from intense itching, grittiness, discharge, redness, lacrimation, photophobia, and so on, thereby, decreasing his learning hours. The troublesome features are aggravated in the spring season / hot climate that lasts for years together and rarely persists after adolescence. Mast cell stabilizers, topical Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and steroids are the available treatment options that too with symptomatic relief and potential side effects, which limits the long-term use of these medicines. The clinical picture of vernal keratoconjunctivitis / spring catarrh is very similar to Kaphaja Abhishyanda, and Triyushnadi Anjana Bhaishajya Ratnavali (B.R.), and its treatment was clinically tried on the patients attending the Netra Roga OPD of the R.G. Government P.G. Ayurveda College Hospital at Paprola (H.P.). A proper protocol and performa was adopted with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the first phase, a pilot study was conducted on 38 clinically diagnosed patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and it gave 100% relief in photophobia, foreign body (FB) sensation, and lacrimation, with marked relief in other features. Encouraged by this pilot work, Triyushnadi Anjana (TA) and 2% sodium cromoglycate (mast cell stabilizer) eye drops in the second-phase clinical trial on 32 patients were tried clinically to evaluate the comparative efficacy. In the second clinical trial, the patients were randomly divided into two groups and Group I was given sodium cromoglycate 2% eye drops and Group II was given TA. The outcome of this study verified the results of the first phase pilot study, and on comparison of the results of the two groups in the second clinical study it was observed that the TA-treated group showed better results. Transient irritation in the eyes was reported by all patients after application of TA, which was relieved by keeping the eyes closed for a few minutes. None of the patients reported any adverse action of the trial drug. Thus, it can be concluded that TA is a safe, cost-effective, and potent Ayurvedic alternative in the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis / spring catarrh.
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PMID:A clinical study to assess the efficacy of Triyushnadi Anjana in Kaphaja Abhishyanda with special reference to vernal keratoconjunctivitis. 2204 41


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