Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P14784 (IL-2 receptor)
 3,849 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been thought to be the most important cytokine for T cell growth, animals lacking IL-2 or a component of its receptor molecules have more expanded T cells with activated memory phenotype, indicating an indispensable role for the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system in regulating the size and activity of the T cell population. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanism of abnormal expansion of activated T cells in IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rbeta)(-/-) mice using the systems of bone marrow transplantation and T cell transfer. Here, we show that IL-2Rbeta(2/-) T cells in mice reconstituted with a mixture of IL-2Rbeta(2/-) and IL-2Rbeta(1/+) bone marrow cells did not develop into an abnormally activated stage, and that already activated IL-2Rbeta(2/-) T cells were effectively eliminated by IL-2Rbeta(1/+) T cells when both cells were cotransferred to T cell-deficient host mice. This regulation and/or elimination was dependent on T cells bearing alpha/beta type T cell receptor, especially on CD8(+) T cells and independent of the Fas-Fas ligand (FasL) system. IL-2Rbeta(1/+) T cells that eliminated activated IL-2Rbeta(2/-) T cells expressed FasL, perforin, granzyme B, and tumor necrosis factor alpha/beta. These results indicate a novel function of IL-2Rbeta that is necessary for the induction of regulatory T cells acting to eliminate activated T cells.
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PMID:Normal regulatory alpha/beta T cells effectively eliminate abnormally activated T cells lacking the interleukin 2 receptor beta in vivo. 1058 47

We compared the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cytotoxic granule proteins, and apoptosis-related proteins by immunohistology and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated digoxigenin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) of 10 cases of cutaneous CD56+ NK/T cell lymphoma with and 6 cases without angiodestruction. Lymphoma cells in cases with angiodestruction frequently expressed CAMs CD2, CD11a, and CD49d and their ligands CD58, CD54, and CD106 and were positive for CD122 and cytotoxic granule proteins TIA1, perforin, and granzyme B. Lymphoma cells in cases without angiodestruction mostly were negative for CD2, CD58, CD54, CD106, and TIA1 and weakly positive for perforin and granzyme B. In the TUNEL method, mean apoptotic indices (AI) for cases with angiodestruction showed a higher percentage than those without angiodestruction. CD95L, CD95, apoptosis-induced cysteine protease CPP32, apoptosis-promoting protein Bax, and proliferating marker (MIB1) frequently were positive in the lymphoma cells of cases with angiodestruction, but there was no expression of apoptosis-inhibitor protein Bcl2. In most cases without angiodestruction, lymphoma cells were positive for CD95L and Bax and negative for CD95, CPP32, and MIB1. CAMs and the 3 cytotoxic granule proteins and an apoptosis pathway might be important factors in the paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of tissue necrosis in cutaneous CD56+ NK/T cell lymphoma.
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PMID:Angiodestruction and tissue necrosis of skin-involving CD56+ NK/T-cell lymphoma are influenced by expression of cell adhesion molecules and cytotoxic granule and apoptosis-related proteins. 1066 22

Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) represent one of the largest, non-organized lymphoid population in the body. They are located outside the epithelial basement membrane among the mucosal epithelial cells. We, and previously other groups, have reported the presence of a CD7+CD3-IEL subset in the epithelium of human small intestine. This subset is drastically reduced in coeliac disease (CD) patients. In the present work we accomplish a better phenotypic characterization of this CD3-IEL subset and demonstrate the expression of typical natural killer (NK) cell markers. Most, if not all, CD3-CD7+ cells express NKPR1 (CD161)[98% +/- 2] and CD122[92% +/- 6]. In addition, a variable percentage express CD2[55% +/- 16], CD94[24% +/- 18], CD56[44% +/- 21] and CD16[12% +/- 4], however, no CD57 expression was observed. Moreover, these cells contain perforin granules[75% +/- 5], supporting a potential cytolytic ability. Regarding adhesion molecules, CD18 and CD44 expression is absent, which is consistent with a limited capacity of migration. Altogether, these data suggest the presence of intraepithelial NK cells in human intestinal epithelium, a compartment where cytotoxic effectors have not been clearly defined.
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PMID:Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes contain a CD3- CD7+ subset expressing natural killer markers and a singular pattern of adhesion molecules. 1088 77

To become competent killer cells, CD8(+) T cells require stimulation through signal transduction pathways associated with the T-cell receptor, costimulatory molecules such as CD28, and cytokine receptors such as the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor. We used wortmannin and LY294002, two inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), to study the role of PI3-K in mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) induction in response to mitogenic anti-CD3 antibody. Anti-CD3-induced CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and CTL development were inhibited dose dependently by both PI3-K inhibitors. IL-2 synthesis by anti-CD3-activated CD8(+) T cells was also diminished by PI3-K inhibition. PI3-K inhibition resulted in a modest decrease in anti-CD3-induced CD4(+) T-cell proliferation but failed to affect IL-2 expression by anti-CD3-activated CD4(+) T cells. PI3-K inhibition during CTL induction resulted in decreased levels of mRNAs coding for granzyme B, perforin, and Fas ligand. In addition, CTL induced in the presence of PI3-K inhibitors failed to conjugate normally with P815 target cells. Exogenous IL-2 did not reverse the effects of PI3-K inhibition on CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and CTL induction. These results support the conclusion that PI3-K activation is involved in T-cell receptor, CD28, and IL-2 receptor signaling of CD8(+) T cells. PI3-K is, therefore, an important component of multiple signal transduction pathways involved in CTL generation.
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PMID:Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors prevent mouse cytotoxic T-cell development in vitro. 1135 90

We investigated the individual CD8+ populations with natural killer (NK) cell markers (NK-type T cell); CD56 single positive (CD56)-T cells, CD56/CD57 double positive (DP)-T cells and CD57 single positive (CD57)-T cells in the peripheral blood. All NK-type T-cell populations expressed CD122 and intermediate levels of T-cell receptor (TCR; regular CD8+ T cells are CD122- and express high levels of TCR). The number of both DP-T cells and CD57-T cells, but not CD56-T cells, gradually increased with age. All NK-type T-cell populations produced larger amounts of interferon-gamma than did regular CD8+ T cells after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and IL-15. However, CD56-T cells and CD57-T cells but not DP-T cells showed a potent antitumour cytotoxity to NK-sensitive K562 cells, whereas only CD56-T cells showed a potent cytotoxity to NK-resistant Raji cells. Furthermore, although NK-type T cells produced large amounts of soluble Fas-ligands, their cytotoxic activities appeared to be mediated by the perforin/granzyme pathway. The oligoclonal or pauciclonal expansions of certain VbetaT cells were found in each NK-type T-cell population. The non-variant CDR3 region(s) for the TCRbeta chain(s) showed CD57-T cells and CD56-T cells to be derived from distinct origins, while the DP-T cell population consisted of a mixture of the clones seen in both CD56-T cells and CD57-T cells. Our results suggest that CD57-T cells and CD56-T cells are functionally and ontogenically different populations while DP-T cells appear to originate from both CD56-T cells and CD57-T cells.
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PMID:Functional and Vbeta repertoire characterization of human CD8+ T-cell subsets with natural killer cell markers, CD56+ CD57- T cells, CD56+ CD57+ T cells and CD56- CD57+ T cells. 1256 30

Previously we showed that ethanol (EtOH) consumption suppressed IL-2-induced cytolytic activity of murine splenic natural killer (NK) cells. Although IL-2 receptor signaling is involved in activation of NK cells, neither the mechanism for this activation nor the role of EtOH consumption in modulating activation is completely understood. In this study we show by electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) that enriched splenic NK cells from EtOH-consuming C57BL/6 mice exhibit reduced NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding activity in response to IL-2 stimulation as compared to the water-drinking mice. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses indicated that EtOH consumption inhibits the induction of perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B in response to IL-2. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) blocked NFkappaB and AP-1 binding activity in nuclear extracts of IL-2-stimulated NK cells in an EMSA and also inhibited the IL-2-induced expression of perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B gene expression in enriched NK cells. These inhibitors dramatically suppressed IL-2-stimulated NK cytolytic activity against YAC-1 lymphoma target cells. Taken together, these results suggest that NFkappaB and AP-1 are important regulators of NK cell cytolytic function through regulation of perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B gene expression. The findings further suggest that the decreased cytolytic activity of IL-2-stimulated NK cytolytic activity in EtOH-consuming mice is due at least in part to impaired transactivation of these and possibly other genes involved in control of NK-cell target lysis.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption decreases IL-2-induced NF-kappaB activity in enriched NK cells from C57BL/6 mice. 1270 Apr 14

The role of CD2 signaling in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) development was examined by stimulating mouse T cells with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in the absence or presence of anti-CD2 mAb or anti-CD48 mAb or both. Induction of nonspecific CTL and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis were impaired in the absence of CD2-CD48 interactions. Anti-CD2 mAb also inhibited activation-induced expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). In contrast, IFN-gamma receptor (IFNGR) expression was increased in the presence of anti-CD2 mAb. Reduced cytotoxicity by CTL induced in the absence of CD2-CD48 interactions was associated with a diminished ability of CTL to conjugate with target cells and reduced expression of granzyme B and perforin. Anti-CD2 mAb did not affect expression of Fas ligand and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by anti-CD3-activated T cells. Cytotoxic effector function and granzyme B and perforin expression were rescued when exogenous IL-2 and IFN-gamma were added in combination with anti-CD2 mAb to anti-CD3-activated T cells at initiation of culture. We conclude that CD2-CD48 interactions during T cell activation are critical for the synthesis of sufficient IL-2 and IFN-gamma to drive CD8(+) T cells to differentiate into functional cytotoxic effector cells.
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PMID:CD2-CD48 interactions promote cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and function: anti-CD2 and anti-CD48 antibodies impair cytokine synthesis, proliferation, target recognition/adhesion, and cytotoxicity. 1274 72

T cells expressing CD57 (a natural killer cell marker) with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing capacity increase under various conditions. CD57+ T cells are also present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of sarcoidosis, and several phenotypical and functional analyses of these cells have been reported. In the present study, BALF T cells obtained from 52 patients with sarcoidosis were classified further into CD4+CD57+ T cells, CD4+CD57- T cells, CD8+CD57+ T cells and CD8+CD57- T cells and their phenotypes and functional characteristics were assessed. Substantial proportions of these T cell subsets expressed natural killer cell markers CD161 and CD122. The biased expansion of Vbeta2 T cells was observed in both CD4+CD57+ T cells and CD4+CD57- T cells in BALF from most patients, while the expansion of other Vbeta T cells was also observed in some patients. Unexpectedly, the biased expansion of certain Vbeta T cells was also seen in either CD8+CD57+ T cells or CD8+CD57- T cells, while the expanded Vbeta T cells in CD8+ T cells differed substantially among individuals. BALF T cells showed a remarkably lower T cell receptor (TCR) intensity than that of peripheral blood T cells. Both CD8+ T cell subsets in BALF of sarcoidosis expressed the intracellular perforin/granzyme B, while all four subsets expressed intracellular IFN-gamma after in vitro activation, and CD4+ T cells, especially CD4+CD57+ T cells, expressed tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These findings indicate that CD57+ T cells as well as CD57- T cells in the BALF are phenotypically and functionally different from peripheral blood T cells and may play an important role in the Th1 dominant state and inflammation in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
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PMID:Characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage T cell subsets in sarcoidosis on the basis of CD57, CD4 and CD8. 1293 Mar 72

Cytolytic CD8(+) effector cells fall into two subpopulations based on cytokine secretion. Type 1 CD8(+) T cells (Tc1) secrete IFN-gamma, whereas type 2 CD8(+) T cells (Tc2) secrete IL-4 and IL-5. Both effector cell subpopulations display predominantly perforin-dependent cytolysis in vitro. Using an OVA-transfected B16 lung metastases model, we show that adoptively transferred OVA-specific Tc1 and Tc2 cells induce considerable suppression, but not cure, of pulmonary metastases. However, long-term tumor immunity prolonged survival times indefinitely and was evident by resistance to lethal tumor rechallenge. At early stages after therapy, protection by Tc2 and Tc1 effector cells were dependent in part on effector cell-derived IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma, respectively. Whereas effector cell-derived perforin was not necessary. Over time the numbers of both donor cells diminished to low, yet still detectable, levels. Concomitantly, Tc1 and Tc2 effector cell therapies potentiated endogenous recipient-derived antitumor responses by inducing 1) local T cell-derived chemokines associated with type 1-like immune responses; 2) elevated levels of recipient-derived OVA tetramer-positive CD8 memory T cells that were CD44(high), CD122(+), and Ly6C(high) that predominantly produced IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha; and 3) heightened numbers of activated recipient-derived Th1 and Tc1 T cell subpopulations expressing CD25(+), CD69(+), and CD95(+) cell surface activation markers. Moreover, both Tc2 and Tc1 effector cell therapies were dependent in part on recipient-derived IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha for long-term survival and protection. Collectively, Tc1 and Tc2 effector cell immunotherapy mediate long-term tumor immunity by different mechanisms that subsequently potentiate endogenous recipient-derived type 1 antitumor responses.
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PMID:Tc1 and Tc2 effector cell therapy elicit long-term tumor immunity by contrasting mechanisms that result in complementary endogenous type 1 antitumor responses. 1473 13

We previously proposed that mouse CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells and human CD57(+) T cells, which increase with age and exhibit potent IFN-gamma production, represent a double-edged sword as they play critical roles in host defense and the lethal IL-12/LPS-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction (GSR). However, our proposal was based solely on comparisons of young and old mice. In this study, we attempted to increase CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells in young mice with exogenous IL-15 and confirm their countervailing functions in young mice. After young mice (6 weeks) were injected with IL-15, they showed significant increases in CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells in the liver and spleen. Liver CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells from IL-15-pretreated mice had a potent capacity to produce IFN-gamma after IL-12 injection or Escherichia coli infection. IL-15-pretreated mice showed increased survival to E. coli infections and enhanced anti-tumor activities against liver metastatic EL4 cells, as well as an exacerbation of the GSR. Correspondingly, liver CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells produced more perforin than CD8(+)CD122(-) T cells in EL4-inoculated mice. Unexpectedly, comparable IL-15 treatment did not induce further increases in CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells in aged mice and did not enhance their defenses against bacterial infection or tumor growth. Interestingly, however, nontreated, aged mice (50 weeks) showed twofold higher IL-15 levels (but not TNF or IFN-gamma) in liver homogenates compared with young mice. Our results further support that CD8(+)CD122(+) T cells, which are increased physiologically or therapeutically by IL-15, are involved in antibacterial immunity, anti-tumor immunity, and the GSR.
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PMID:IL-15-induced CD8+CD122+ T cells increase antibacterial and anti-tumor immune responses: implications for immune function in aged mice. 1865 61


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