Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P14784 (IL-2 receptor)
 3,849 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), which shares extensive sequence homology (approximately 70%) with cdk4, was identified as the earliest inducible member of the cdk family of proteins in human T lymphocytes induced to proliferate in vitro by stimulation either with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate and ionomycin (PDB/I) or PHA. The p40cdk6 protein was present in resting cells and increased amounts were detected 6 h after stimulation. It increased in amount throughout the first cell cycle but was present in reduced amounts at later times. Activity of the kinase, determined by in vitro phosphorylation of recombinant truncated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (Rb) protein (p60Rb), paralleled p40cdk6 protein amounts. Cyclins D2 and D3 were the major cyclins associated with p40cdk6, with D2 predominating in early G1 phase. Both PDB and ionomycin were required for maximal accumulation of p40cdk6, but either agent alone stimulated some increase in amount and activity of the protein. p40cdk6 also increased in amount in cells activated in the presence of cyclosporin A or FK506, drugs that inhibit production of IL-2 and cell proliferation, suggesting that initial induction occurred independently of IL-2-mediated cell cycle progression. Furthermore, increased accumulation of p40cdk6 protein and activity occurred in cells rendered "competent" (responsive to IL-2) by a brief treatment with PDB/I. Thus, increased accumulation of the protein and its activity begin before IL-2/IL-2 receptor interaction, suggesting that the cdk6-cyclin D2 complex might be involved in acquisition of the competent state in human T lymphocytes.
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PMID:Regulation of synthesis and activity of the PLSTIRE protein (cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (cdk6)), a major cyclin D-associated cdk4 homologue in normal human T lymphocytes. 775 65

In the presence of TCR ligation by Ag, CD28 pathway mediates the most potent costimulatory signal for T cell activation, cytokine secretion, and T cell expansion. Although CD28 costimulation promotes T cell expansion due to IL-2 secretion and subsequent signaling via the IL-2 receptor, recent studies indicate that the dramatic T cell expansion mediated through the unopposed CD28 stimulation in CTLA4-deficient mice is IL-2 independent. Therefore, we sought to dissect the effects of CD28 and IL-2 receptor pathways on cell cycle progression and determine the molecular mechanisms by which the CD28 pathway regulates T cell expansion. Here we show that CD28 costimulation directly regulates T cell cycle entry and progression through the G1 phase in an IL-2-independent manner resulting in activation of cyclin D2-associated cdk4/cdk6 and cyclin E-associated cdk2. Subsequent progression into the S phase is mediated via both IL-2-dependent and IL-2-independent mechanisms and, although in the absence of IL-2 the majority of T cells are arrested at the G1/S transition, a significant fraction of them progresses into the S phase. The key regulatory mechanism for the activation of cyclin-cdk complexes and cell cycle progression is the down-regulation of p27kip1 cdk inhibitor, which is mediated at the posttranscriptional level by its ubiquitin-dependent degradation in the proteasome pathway. Therefore, CD28 costimulation mediates T cell expansion in an IL-2-independent and IL-2 dependent manner and regulates cell cycle progression at two distinct points: at the early G1 phase and at the G1/S transition.
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PMID:CD28 costimulation mediates T cell expansion via IL-2-independent and IL-2-dependent regulation of cell cycle progression. 1060 5

It is well established that prolactin (PRL) sustains, while prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (PGF(2 alpha)) curtails, progesterone production by the rat corpus luteum (CL). We have previously shown that the actions of both molecules converge on the 20 alpha-HSD gene and control its expression in a dramatically opposed manner. In this investigation, we have found twelve more genes that are inversely regulated by PRL and PGF(2 alpha). In addition to 20 alpha-HSD, PGF(2 alpha) stimulated and PRL inhibited PGF(2 alpha)-receptor, phospholipase C delta(1) and TGF beta(1) expression. In contrast PRL stimulated and PGF(2 alpha) inhibited the LH receptor, 11 beta-HSD2, sterol carrier protein 2, mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase (GST), GST mu(2), inhibitory DNA-binding proteins 1, 2, and 3, and calcium binding protein 2. We have also identified new target genes for PRL and PGF(2 alpha). PGF(2 alpha) stimulated the expression of genes involved in cell signaling such as cell adhesion kinase-beta, ERK3, FRA2, IL-2 receptor, and 14-3-3 proteins. PGF(2 alpha) also up-regulated the expression of the sodium channel beta(1), Na/K ATPase, annexin IV, GST7pi, and P450 reductase. In contrast PGF(2 alpha) inhibited the expression of two genes involved in cell cycle: cyclin D2 and retinoblastoma related protein (Rb2/p130). It also inhibited genes involved in estradiol (P-450(AROM)) and cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG-CoA synthase), as well as genes involved in tissue remodeling: VEGF and TIMP3. PRL had a profound inhibitory effect on the expression of genes encoding the ADP-ribosylation factor 3, annexin V and c-jun, yet increased the expression of P450scc, 3beta-HSD, and SR-B1 (HDL-receptor), all genes involved in steroidogenesis. PRL also stimulated the expression of beta(2)-microglobulin, TIMP2, cytochrome c oxidase IV, cathepsin H and L, and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase as well as elongation factor SIII, heat shock protein-60 and mitochondrial ATP synthase-D. In conclusion, this investigation has revealed a "yin-yang" relationship between PRL and PGF(2 alpha) in regulating certain critical genes in the rodent CL, and has demonstrated novel regulation by these factors of other important genes involved in luteal function.
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PMID:Opposite effect of prolactin and prostaglandin F(2 alpha) on the expression of luteal genes as revealed by rat cDNA expression array. 1151 96

Like living Trypanosoma cruzi, its AGC10 membrane glycoprotein inhibits interleukin-2 (IL-2) secretion and membrane expression of CD25, CD122, and CD132 (the components of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor) by activated human lymphocytes. Since these molecules are required for effective lymphocyte division, we explored the molecular mechanism underlying these alterations. In the presence of AGC10 the cytoplasmic levels of IL-2 protein of CD4(+) and CD8(+) blood lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin were markedly reduced. AGC10 also decreased the intracellular levels of CD25, CD122, and CD132 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells stimulated with the T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). These results indicated that the AGC10-induced alterations preceded IL-2 secretion and transport of IL-2 receptor components to the cell membrane. Supporting this view were the substantially diminished levels of IL-2, CD25, CD122, and CD132 mRNA found in AGC10-containing cultures of PHA-activated lymphocytes. These decreases were not due to increased mRNA instability. Thus, the rates of decay for each of these mRNA species were comparable in the presence or absence of AGC10, suggesting a mechanism involving transcription inhibition. AGC10 targeted an early lymphocyte activation event since inhibition of lymphoproliferation subsided when AGC10 was added to cultures at or after 20 h post-activation. AGC10 also caused large reductions in the mRNA levels of cyclin D2 and cdk4, both critical for progression through G1. These results show for the first time that AGC10-induced inhibition of lymphoproliferation entails curtailed biosynthesis of IL-2 and, IL-2 receptor molecules, and suggest that the effect involves inhibition of gene transcription.
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PMID:The Trypanosoma cruzi membrane glycoprotein AGC10 inhibits human lymphocyte activation by a mechanism preceding translation of both, interleukin-2 and its high-affinity receptor subunits. 1246 77

The T cell costimulatory receptor 4-1BB enhances cell cycle progression and proliferation of CD8(+) T cells in both an IL-2-dependent and -independent manner. In these studies, 4-1BB costimulation was shown to increase cyclin D2, D3, and E expression, and concomitantly down-regulate the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1). 4-1BB increases cyclin D2 transcription via mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and LY294002-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. In addition, 4-1BB up-regulates cyclin D2 translation via PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways, presumably triggered by IL-2/IL-2 receptor ligation. The enhanced cyclin D2 and D3 expression initiates up-regulation of cyclin E expression and down-regulation of p27(kip1). Our results suggest a role for cyclin D2, D3, and E, and p27(kip1) proteins in the 4-1BB-mediated cell cycle progression of CD8(+) T cells in vivo.
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PMID:4-1BB enhances CD8+ T cell expansion by regulating cell cycle progression through changes in expression of cyclins D and E and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1. 1288 87

The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor promotes T cell proliferation in part by inducing the expression of D-type cyclins, which enable cells to progress from the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. We previously showed that the IL-2 receptor induces expression of cyclin D2 by activating the transcription factor Stat5, which binds directly and immediately to a site upstream of the cyclin D2 promoter. We show here that subsequent transcription of the cyclin D2 gene occurs by a delayed, cycloheximide-sensitive mechanism, which implies the involvement of additional regulatory mechanisms. The transcription factor c-Myc is induced by Stat5 and is reported to bind to two E box motifs in the cyclin D2 promoter. However, in IL-2-stimulated T cells, c-Myc does not appear to be involved in cyclin D2 induction, since we found that these two E boxes are preferentially bound by USF-1 and USF-2 and, moreover, are dispensable for cyclin D2 promoter activity. Instead, we found that Stat5 activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) pathway by a delayed, cycloheximide-sensitive mechanism and that PI3 kinase activity is essential for the induction of cyclin D2 by Stat5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PI3 kinase is required for the optimal binding of RNA polymerase II to the promoters of cyclin D2 as well as other genes. Our results reveal a novel link between PI3 kinase and RNA polymerase II promoter binding activity and demonstrate discrete, coordinated roles for the PI3 kinase and Stat5 pathways in cyclin D2 transcription.
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PMID:A permissive role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the Stat5-mediated expression of cyclin D2 by the interleukin-2 receptor. 1466 Jun 77

Piperine, a pungent alkaloid found in the fruits of black pepper plants, has diverse physiological effects, including the ability to inhibit immune cell-mediated inflammation. Since the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essential for the clonal expansion and differentiation of T lymphocytes, we investigated the effect of piperine on IL-2 signaling in IL-2-dependent mouse CTLL-2 T lymphocytes. Tritiated-thymidine incorporation assays and flow cytometric analysis of Oregon Green 488-stained cells showed that piperine inhibited IL-2-driven T lymphocyte proliferation; however, piperine did not cause T lymphocytes to die or decrease their expression of the high affinity IL-2 receptor, as determined by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that piperine blocked the IL-2-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and STAT5 without affecting the upstream phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and JAK3. In addition, piperine inhibited the IL-2-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt, which are signaling molecules that regulate cell cycle progression. Piperine also suppressed the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 1, Cdk4, Cdk6, cyclin B, cyclin D2, and Cdc25c protein phosphatase by IL-2-stimulated T lymphocytes, indicating G0/G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Piperine-mediated inhibition of IL-2 signaling and cell cycle progression in CTLL-2 T lymphocytes suggests that piperine should be further investigated in animal models as a possible natural source treatment for T lymphocyte-mediated transplant rejection and autoimmune disease.
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PMID:Piperine blocks interleukin-2-driven cell cycle progression in CTLL-2 T lymphocytes by inhibiting multiple signal transduction pathways. 2565 87