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Query: UNIPROT:P14784 (IL-2 receptor)
 3,849 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) belongs to a class of soluble, regulatory proteins known as cytokines. It is a 133 amino acid glycoprotein secreted by T(H) lymphocytes and other cells following activation by antigens, mitogens and other cytokines. It stimulates the proliferation and cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes. It also enhances the microbicidal and cytotoxic activities of NK cells, B lymphocytes, macrophages and monocytes. IL-2 can now be produced in unlimited quantities by recombinant DNA technology and used therapeutically to modulate the immune system in a number of diseases. A number of different studies have demonstrated its therapeutic value in HIV +ve and AIDS patients. It has been approved by US-FDA for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and metastatic melanoma. Routine detection of soluble IL-2 receptor in blood could be useful as a diagnostic marker in some autoimmune diseases. Agents that antagonize IL-2 find application as immunosuppressants. The main adverse effect of IL-2 is capillary leak syndrome caused by increased capillary permeability and extravasation of fluid. In days to come, IL-2 is likely to play an increasingly important role in management of viral infections, malignancies and a number of other diseases conditions.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 as a therapeutic agent. 1183 57

Previous studies in cancer patients demonstrated that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) upregulated the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor on T lymphocytes and monocytes suggesting that subsequently administered IL-2 would produce greater immune effects. The authors treated 21 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma on a randomized phase I study to test this hypothesis. All 21 patients received a fixed dose of IL-2 (72,000 IU/kg every 8 hours for 5 days) administered intravenously as an inpatient. Patients were randomized to receive IL-2 alone or in combination with GM-CSF at a dose of 125 or 250 mcg/m /d (Sargramostim; Immunex Corporation, WA, U.S.A.) daily for 7 days by subcutaneous injection starting on day 1, the day before IL-2 treatment. The results from this study demonstrated that GM-CSF did not worsen the toxicities produced by IL-2 alone. Grade 3 confusion occurred in four patients, three who received IL-2 alone. No partial or complete tumor responses were seen. Assays of serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2R) and neopterin, measures of T cell and monocyte activation, respectively, demonstrated a significant increase in sIL2R but not neopterin, 24 hours after the first dose of GM-CSF. In combination with IL-2, the higher dose of GM-CSF (250 mcg/m ) produced higher sIL2R levels on days 3 and 7 than the 125-mcg/m dose of GM-CSF or IL-2 alone. Although neopterin levels did not increase after 1 day of GM-CSF, the addition of IL-2 resulted in a significantly increased neopterin level on day 3 at the higher dose of GM-CSF. On day 7, neopterin levels in all three groups were similarly increased over baseline. Ten days after treatment, neopterin levels had returned to normal, but sIL2R levels remained markedly increased (12 fold) over baseline in the higher GM-CSF dose group. The authors conclude that 1) monocyte activation was not significantly enhanced by 1 day of GM-CSF treatment; 2) the 250-mcg/m GM-CSF dose plus IL-2 produced superior T cell activation compared with a lower dose of GM-CSF plus IL-2 or to IL-2 alone; and 3) the combination of GM-CSF and IL-2 was safe and tolerable but was not associated with any clinical responses.
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PMID:Immune effects of escalating doses of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor added to a fixed, low-dose, inpatient interleukin-2 regimen: a randomized phase I trial in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. 1261

Proliferation of activated T cells and CD56 bright natural killer (Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13:169-183, 1995) cells caused by interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been exploited in IL-2-based therapies for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma (J Clin Oncol 13:688-696, 1995; J Clin Oncol 17: 2105-2116, 1999). In this study, we demonstrate the potentially improved therapeutic value of IL-2 variants engineered to gain 15- to 30-fold increased affinity for the IL-2 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-2Ralpha). A novel pulsed bioassay was used to more closely approximate the rapid systemic clearance pharmacokinetics of cytokines such as IL-2, compared with conventional static bioassays. In this assay, mutants with increased affinity for IL-2Ralpha exhibit significantly increased activity for T-cell proliferation, whereas static bioassays not only fail to reveal the increased activity resulting from enhanced IL-2Ralpha affinity (false negatives), but also suggest improved activity for another mutant without enhanced activity in the pulsed assay (false positive). Our studies on the mechanism leading to increased activity of IL-2 mutants with increased IL-2Ralpha affinity suggest that cell-surface IL-2Ralpha acts as a ligand reservoir for the IL-2 mutants. This leads to increased cell-surface persistence of the IL-2 mutants with increased IL-2Ralpha affinity in cell-surface ligand reservoirs and consequently increased integrated growth signal. Furthermore, a mathematical model predicts increased persistence of cell surface-bound IL-2 in vivo for enhanced IL-2Ralpha-binding IL-2 mutants, suggesting potentially improved therapeutic value of allowing cellular capture of ligands in persistent cell-surface reservoirs. Finally, our findings emphasize the critical choice of appropriate bioassays to evaluate engineered proteins and other drugs.
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PMID:Interleukin 2 (IL-2) variants engineered for increased IL-2 receptor alpha-subunit affinity exhibit increased potency arising from a cell surface ligand reservoir effect. 1538 40

Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells generated by high-dose continuous infusion interleukin-2 (IL-2) are able to nonspecifically lyse melanoma and kidney cancer cells. In vitro famotidine enhances cytotoxicity of LAK against tumor cells, possibly by increasing IL-2 uptake at the IL-2 receptor on lymphocytes. Outpatient IL-2 regimens typically have response rates of 15% or less, with most patients eventually experiencing progressive disease. Second-line therapy is, therefore, needed. We treated 11 patients (6 with metastatic melanoma; 5 having metastatic kidney cancer) who had previously experienced progressive disease on prior IL-2 regimens, with a combination of famotidine 20 mg intravenously (i.v.) twice per day and continuous-infusion IL-2 18 MIU/M2/24 hours x 72 hours, followed 24 hours later by a pulse IL-2 dose (18 MIU/M2 over 15 minutes). Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. Patient characteristics were: 9 males, median age 63 years (range, 57-75), median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status: 1; most common metastatic sites: lungs, lymph nodes, and soft tissue/subcutaneous (s.c.); median number of cycles received: 4; most common toxicities were fever, nausea/emesis, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia. Five (5) patients (3 with melanoma, 2 with kidney cancer) have had partial responses. Two (2) patients with kidney cancer have been converted to complete responders with resection of residual disease, remaining without relapse at 5+ and 20+ months. Responding sites are lungs, lymph nodes, abdominal mass, and s.c. Median duration of response was 9.5 months. Median survival was 12 months. This combination has activity in patients with metastatic kidney cancer or melanoma who have received prior IL-2.
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PMID:Activity of continuous infusion plus pulse interleukin-2 with famotidine in patients with metastatic kidney cancer or melanoma previously treated with interleukin-2. 1710 18

Lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity against tumor cell lines may be induced by intravenous (i.v.) interleukin-2 (IL-2). Daily short infusions (pulses) have been developed to decrease toxicity while maintaining the anticancer activity of this agent against kidney cancer. The anthihistamine, famotidine, may increase IL-2 uptake by the IL-2 receptor on lymphocytes. We have treated 12 patients with metastatic kidney cancer, using pulse IL-2 (18 million IU/M(2) i.v.) over 15-30 minutes, preceded by famotidine (20 mg I.V. daily for 5 days) on an oncology inpatient unit. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks until disease progression. Patient characteristics were as follows: 9 males with a median age of 66 years (range, 48-74), and median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 1; common metastatic sites included in the lungs 9 and lymph nodes 3. Median number of cycles received was 2 (range, 1-5). The most common toxicities were fever, rigors, and hypomagnesemia. Two (2) patients had partial responses (17% response rate). Responses occurred in the liver (11.5 months) and lung, pleura, and lymph nodes (3 months). Pulse IL-2 with famotidine shows activity in kidney cancer.
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PMID:High-dose intensity pulse interleukin-2 with famotidine in metastatic kidney cancer. 1940 39

Tumour immunotherapy, and particularly immue checkpoint inhibitors, have resulted in considerable response rates in patients with metastatic cancer. However, most of these approaches are limited to immunogenic tumours. Based on its ability to stimulate cytotoxic T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been used to treat patients with metastatic melanoma and metastatic kidney cancer. Clinical efficacy achieved through high doses is countered by severe adverse effects on vascular endothelial cells and various organs, a short in vivo half-life, and the stimulation of regulatory T cells that counteract antitumour immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-2 receptor β (CD122)-biased IL-2 formulations address the shortcomings of IL-2 cancer immunotherapy. This knowledge stems from studies using CD122-biased IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes (IL-2 complexes), which preferentially stimulate CD8+ T cells, while interaction with regulatory T cells and vascular endothelial cells is disfavoured by the anti-IL-2 antibody used. CD122-biased IL-2 complexes, when assessed in different mouse cancer models, cause stronger antitumour effects and significantly less adverse effects than high-dose IL-2. A recently developed and characterised anti-human IL-2 antibody, termed NARA1, forms human CD122-biased IL-2 complexes. Alternative strategies based on this concept, such as site-directed pegylation and mutation of IL-2, have also been pursued. Moreover, recent data have shown that a combination of CD122-biased IL-2 formulations with immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-specific immunotherapy and epigenetic modifying drugs results in synergistic anti-cancer effects in various tumour models. Thus, CD122-biased IL-2 approaches constitute a novel class of immunotherapy for metastatic cancer that has the potential to complement and increase the efficacy of other antitumour strategies.
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PMID:Development of a novel class of interleukin-2 immunotherapies for metastatic cancer. 3067 15


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