Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P11021 (BiP)
 2,049 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) express three isoforms of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump; SERCA2b predominates (91%), whereas SERCA2a (6%) and SERCA3 (3%) are present in much smaller amounts. Treatment with thapsigargin (Tg) or A-23187 increased the level of mRNA encoding SERCA2b four- to fivefold; SERCA3 increased about 10-fold, whereas SERCA2a was unchanged. Ca2+ chelation prevented the Tg-induced SERCA2b increase, whereas Ca2+ elevation itself increased SERCA2b expression. These responses were discordant with those of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein/immunoglobulin-binding protein (grp78/BiP), an endoplasmic reticulum stress-response protein. SERCA2b mRNA elevation was much larger than could be accounted for by the observed increase in message stability. The induction of SERCA2b by Tg did not require protein synthesis, nor was it affected by inhibitors of calcineurin, protein kinase C, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, or tyrosine protein kinases. Treatment with the nonselective protein kinase inhibitor H-7 prevented Tg-induced SERCA2b expression from occurring, whereas another nonselective inhibitor, staurosporine, was without effect. We conclude that changes in cytosolic Ca2+ control the expression of SERCA2b in VSMC via a mechanism involving a currently uncharacterized, H-7-sensitive but staurosporine-insensitive, protein kinase.
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PMID:Regulation of SERCA Ca2+ pump expression by cytoplasmic Ca2+ in vascular smooth muscle cells. 1124 1

Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) on serine 51 integrates general translation repression with activation of stress-inducible genes such as ATF4, CHOP, and BiP in the unfolded protein response. We sought to identify new genes active in this phospho-eIF2alpha-dependent signaling pathway by screening a library of recombinant retroviruses for clones that inhibit the expression of a CHOP::GFP reporter. A retrovirus encoding the COOH terminus of growth arrest and DNA damage gene (GADD)34, also known as MYD116 (Fornace, A.J., D.W. Neibert, M.C. Hollander, J.D. Luethy, M. Papathanasiou, J. Fragoli, and N.J. Holbrook. 1989. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4196-4203; Lord K.A., B. Hoffman-Lieberman, and D.A. Lieberman. 1990. Nucleic Acid Res. 18:2823), was isolated and found to attenuate CHOP (also known as GADD153) activation by both protein malfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum, and amino acid deprivation. Despite normal activity of the cognate stress-inducible eIF2alpha kinases PERK (also known as PEK) and GCN2, phospho-eIF2alpha levels were markedly diminished in GADD34-overexpressing cells. GADD34 formed a complex with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) that specifically promoted the dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha in vitro. Mutations that interfered with the interaction with PP1c prevented the dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha and blocked attenuation of CHOP by GADD34. Expression of GADD34 is stress dependent, and was absent in PERK(-)/- and GCN2(-)/- cells. These findings implicate GADD34-mediated dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha in a negative feedback loop that inhibits stress-induced gene expression, and that might promote recovery from translational inhibition in the unfolded protein response.
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PMID:Feedback inhibition of the unfolded protein response by GADD34-mediated dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha. 1138 Oct 86

Most patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) present decreased levels of melatonin, a day-night rhythm-related hormone. To investigate the role of melatonin deficiency in AD, we used constant illumination to interrupt melatonin metabolism and measured some of the AD-like alterations in rats. Concomitant with decreased serum melatonin, the rats developed spatial memory deficits, tau hyperphosphorylation at multiple sites, activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and protein kinase A, as well as suppression of protein phosphatase-1. Prominent oxidative damage and organelle lesions, demonstrated by increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins including BiP/GRP78 and CHOP/GADD153, decreased number of rough ER and free ribosome, thinner synapses, and increased superoxide dismutase and monoamine oxidase were also observed in the light exposed rats. Simultaneous supplement of melatonin partially arrested the behavioral and molecular impairments. It is suggested that melatonin deficiency may be an upstream effector responsible for the AD-like behavioral and molecular pathologies with ER stress-involved mechanisms.
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PMID:Constant illumination induces Alzheimer-like damages with endoplasmic reticulum involvement and the protection of melatonin. 1922 18

Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24) uniquely displays broad cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing activity through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesize that ceramide, a promoter of apoptosis, might contribute to mda-7/IL-24 induction of apoptosis. Ad.mda-7-infected tumor cells, but not normal cells, showed increased ceramide accumulation. Infection with Ad.mda-7 induced a marked increase in various ceramides (C16, C24, C24:1) selectively in prostate cancer cells. Inhibiting the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) using the potent SPT inhibitor myriocin (ISP1), impaired mda-7/IL-24-induced apoptosis and ceramide production, suggesting that ceramide formation caused by Ad.mda-7 occurs through de novo synthesis of ceramide and that ceramide is required for mda-7/IL-24-induced cell death. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) elevated ceramide formation as well as apoptosis induced by Ad.mda-7, suggesting that ceramide formation may also occur through the salvage pathway. Additionally, Ad.mda-7 infection enhanced expression of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) with a concomitant increase in ASMase activity and decreased sphingomyelin in cancer cells. ASMase silencing by RNA interference inhibited the decreased cell viability and ceramide formation after Ad.mda-7 infection. Ad.mda-7 activated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and promoted dephosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic molecule BCL-2, a downstream ceramide-mediated pathway of mda-7/IL-24 action. Pretreatment of cells with FB1 or ISP-1 abolished the induction of ER stress markers (BiP/GRP78, GADD153 and pospho-eIF2alpha) triggered by Ad.mda-7 infection indicating that ceramide mediates ER stress induction by Ad.mda-7. Additionally, recombinant MDA-7/IL-24 protein induced cancer-specific production of ceramide. These studies define ceramide as a key mediator of an ER stress pathway that may underlie mda-7/IL-24 induction of cancer-specific killing.
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PMID:Ceramide plays a prominent role in MDA-7/IL-24-induced cancer-specific apoptosis. 1993 35

The protein phosphatase 1-like gene (PPM1l) was identified as causal gene for obesity and metabolic abnormalities in mice. However, the underlying mechanisms were unknown. In this report, we find PPM1l encodes an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane targeted protein phosphatase (PP2Ce) and has specific activity to basal and ER stress induced auto-phosphorylation of Inositol-REquiring protein-1 (IRE1). PP2Ce inactivation resulted in elevated IRE1 phosphorylation and higher expression of XBP-1, CHOP, and BiP at basal. However, ER stress stimulated XBP-1 and BiP induction was blunted while CHOP induction was further enhanced in PP2Ce null cells. PP2Ce protein levels are significantly induced during adipogenesis in vitro and are necessary for normal adipocyte maturation. Finally, we provide evidence that common genetic variation of PPM11 gene is significantly associated with human lipid profile. Therefore, PPM1l mediated IRE1 regulation and downstream ER stress signaling is a plausible molecular basis for its role in metabolic regulation and disorder.
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PMID:PPM1l encodes an inositol requiring-protein 1 (IRE1) specific phosphatase that regulates the functional outcome of the ER stress response. 2432 56