Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P10415 (Bcl-2)
 33,771 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is growing concern over detrimental neurologic effects to human newborns caused by increased inspired oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that hyperoxia (FiO(2)>0.95) results in increased high-affinity Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, Ca(2+)-influx, and proapoptotic protein expression in cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. Neuronal cerebral energy metabolism was documented by determining ATP and phosphocreatine levels. Neuronal nuclear conjugated dienes and fluorescent compounds were measured as indices of lipid peroxidation. High-affinity Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca(2+)-influx were determined to document neuronal nuclear membrane function. Hyperoxia resulted in increases in lipid peroxidation, high-affinity Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, ATP-dependent Ca(2+)-influx, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the cortical neuronal nuclei of newborn piglets. We conclude that hyperoxia results in modification of neuronal nuclear membrane function leading to increased nuclear Ca(2+)-influx, and propose that hyperoxia-induced increases in intranuclear Ca(2+) activates the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase pathway, triggering increased CREB protein-mediated apoptotic protein expression in hyperoxic neurons.
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PMID:Effect of hyperoxia on cortical neuronal nuclear function and programmed cell death mechanisms. 1740 66

The INK4 and CIP cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors (CKI) activate pocket protein function by suppressing Cdk4 and Cdk2, respectively. Although these inhibitors are lost in tumors, deletion of individual CKIs results in modest proliferation defects in murine models. We have evaluated cooperativity between loss of all INK4 family members (using cdk4r24c mutant alleles that confer resistant to INK4 inhibitors) and p21(Waf1/Cip1) in senescence and transformation of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF). We show that mutant cdk4r24c and p21 loss cooperate in pRb inactivation and MEF immortalization. Our studies suggest that cdk4r24c mediates resistance to p15(INK4B)/p16(INK4A) that accumulates over passage, whereas loss of p21 suppresses hyperoxia-induced Cdk2 inhibition and pRb dephosphorylation on MEF explantation in culture. Although cdk4r24c and p21 loss cooperate in H-ras(V12)/c-myc-induced foci formation, they are insufficient for oncogene-induced anchorage-independent growth. Interestingly, p21(-/-); cdk4r24c MEFs expressing H-ras(V12) and c-myc display detachment-induced apoptosis and are transformed by c-myc, H-ras(V12), and Bcl-2. We conclude that the INK4 family and p21 loss cooperate in promoting pRb inactivation, cell immortalization, and H-ras(V12)/c-myc-induced loss of contact inhibition. In addition, absence of pRb function renders H-ras(V12) + c-myc-transduced fibroblasts prone to apoptosis when deprived of the extracellular matrix, and oncogene-induced anchorage-independent growth of pocket protein-deficient cells requires apoptotic suppression.
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PMID:p21 loss cooperates with INK4 inactivation facilitating immortalization and Bcl-2-mediated anchorage-independent growth of oncogene-transduced primary mouse fibroblasts. 1748 23

We examined the cytoprotective effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-11 (IL-11) during oxidant injury in neonatal lung and the regulators of cell death in vitro and in vivo after oxidant exposure. Type II cells from day 21 fetal neonatal rat lungs were treated with varying concentrations of either IL-6 or IL-11 for 24 hr prior to exposure to H(2)O(2). Three-day-old transgenic lung-specific IL-11 and IL-6 overexpressing and wild type (WT) mouse pups were exposed to hyperoxia or room air for 3 days. Type II cells exposed to either IL-6 or IL-11 prior to oxidant injury exhibited improved survival compared to controls, 67% +/- 2.6 survivals in IL-6 pretreated cells compared to 48% +/- 1.6 in control; 63% +/- 3 survivals in IL-11 pretreated cells compared to 49% +/- 2.6 in control. The number of TUNEL positive cells in hyperoxia-exposed lungs was increased compared to room air animals (27 +/- 0.9 vs. 4 +/- 0.4; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.05). In contrast, the number of TUNEL positive cells was reduced in hyperoxia-exposed lungs from IL-11 (+) mice (15.2 +/- 2.2; mean +/- SEM; P < 0.05). There was an enhanced accumulation of Bcl-2 and reduction of Bax protein in hyperoxia-exposed IL-11 (+) compared to room air-exposed mice. This was not seen in hyperoxia-exposed IL-6 (+) pups. An increase in caspase-3 was seen in hyperoxia-exposed lungs of WT pups compared to IL-11 (+) pups. IL-11 and IL-6 provide protective effects against oxidant-mediated injury in fetal type II cells and IL-11 provides protection in vivo by down-regulation of caspase-mediated cell death.
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PMID:The role of IL-6 and IL-11 in hyperoxic injury in developing lung. 1821 44

The functional significance of the Fas/Fas-ligand (FasL) system in hyperoxia-induced lung injury and alveolar disruption in newborn lungs in vivo remains undetermined. To assess the role of the Fas/FasL system, we compared the effects of hyperoxia (95% O2 from birth to Postnatal Day [P]7) in Fas-deficient lpr mice and wild-type mice. Alveolar disruption was more severe in hyperoxic lpr mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, a transient alveolarization defect was noted in normoxic lpr mice. Hyperoxia induced marked up-regulation of pulmonary Fas expression in wild-type mice, as well as elevated mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, Bad, and Bak. Pulmonary apoptotic activity was similar in hyperoxic wild-type and lpr mice. In contrast, lung growth and proliferation, assessed by stereologic volumetry and Ki67 proliferation studies, were significantly higher in hyperoxic wild-type mice compared with lpr mice, suggesting the Fas/FasL system has a pro-proliferative role in hyperoxic conditions. Levels of the prosurvival MAPkinase, pERK1/2, were significantly higher in hyperoxic wild-type mice compared with lpr mice, while pAkt levels were similar. These data suggest that the primary role of the Fas/FasL system in hyperoxic newborn lungs is pro-proliferative, rather than pro-apoptotic, and likely mediated through a Fas-ERK1/2 pathway. Fas-induced proliferation and lung growth in hyperoxic newborn lungs may counteract, in part, the detrimental effects of apoptosis mediated by non-Fas pathways, such as pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 family members. The capacity of the Fas/FasL signaling pathway to mediate protective rather than destructive functions in hyperoxic newborn lungs highlights the versatility of this complex pathway.
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PMID:The Fas system confers protection against alveolar disruption in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice. 1858 53

TB/C3 hybridoma cells were transected with either pEF-MClneopA or pEF bcl2-MClneopA vectors to produce a control cell line (TB/C3 pEF) and a cell line that overexpresses the "antiapoptotic" human bcl-2 protein (TB/C3 bcl2). Flow cytometry analysis of intracellular bcl-2 protein levels enabled near on-line monitoring of the stability of bcl-2 expression in the absence of drug selection. It was possible to maintain spontaneous selection of cells with the overexpression of bcl-2 protein during semicontinuous cultures at very low dilution rates, where cells were subjected to the selective conditions of nutrient limitation and high toxic metabolite concentrations. Interestingly, cells that overexpressed bcl-2 were adapted to suspension culture conditions significantly faster than control cells. Dual fluorescence staining with acridine orange and propidium iodide allowed for discrimination between viable, apoptotic, secondary necrotic, and necrotic cells, respectively. Compared with the usual trypan blue method of establishing culture viability, dual staining demonstrated that under stressful conditions a significant proportion of cells that excluded trypan blue were also undergoing cell death through apoptosis. In batch cultures the overexpression of bcl-2 more than doubled the membrane intact (MI) cell productive period (the integral of Ml cell density with respect to culture time) and increased the monoclonal antibody (mAb) production by approximately 40% when compared with the control cell line. The overexpression of bcl-2 protein also significantly extended the cell integrity and viability by the suppression of apoptosis in conditions of hypoxia, hyperoxia, glutamine deprivation, glucose deprivation, and serum limitation. The suppression of apoptosis in anaerobic conditions suggests that bcl-2 exerts its antiapoptotic activity by a mechanism that does not involve an oxidative reactive pathway. In conditions of excess thymidine, which suppressed cell proliferation, Ml cell density and specific mAb productivity were further enhanced by the overexpression of bcl-2, which suggests the possibility of accomplishing a controlled proliferation in immortalized cell lines without invoking cell death. Cell size and intracellular mAb were increased for TB/C3 bcl2 cells compared with TB/C3 pEF control cells when analyzed by flow cytometry.
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PMID:Prevention of hybridoma cell death by bcl-2 during suboptimal culture conditions. 1863 67

Overexpression of IL-6 markedly diminishes hyperoxic lung injury, hyperoxia-induced cell death, and DNA fragmentation, and enhances Bcl-2 expression. We hypothesized that changes in the interactions between Bcl-2 family members play an important role in the IL-6-mediated protective response to oxidative stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that IL-6 induced Bcl-2 expression, both in vivo and in vitro, disrupted interactions between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors, and suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro. In addition, IL-6 overexpression in mice protects against hyperoxia-induced lung mitochondrial damage. The overexpression of Bcl-2 in vivo prolonged the survival of mice exposed to hyperoxia and inhibited alveolar capillary protein leakage. In addition, apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation was substantially reduced in these animals. This IL-6-mediated protection was lost when Bcl-2 was silenced, demonstrating that Bcl-2 is an essential mediator of IL-6 cytoprotection. Finally, Bcl-2 blocked the dissociation of Bak from mitofusin protein (Mfn) 2, and inhibited the interaction between Bak and Mfn1. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-6 induces Bcl-2 expression to perform cytoprotective functions in response to oxygen toxicity, and that this effect is mediated by alterations in the interactions between Bak and Mfns.
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PMID:IL-6 protects against hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial damage via Bcl-2-induced Bak interactions with mitofusins. 1916 99

Previous studies have shown that hyperoxia results in cerebral cortical neuronal apoptosis. Studies have also shown that phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl results in loss of their anti-apoptotic potential leading to alteration in mitochondrial membrane permeability and the release of apoptogenic proteins in the neuronal cell of the newborn piglets. The present study tests the hypothesis that cerebral hyperoxia will result in increased serine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, and Bad in the mitochondrial membranes of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. Twelve newborn piglets were divided into normoxic (Nx, n = 6) exposed to an FiO(2) of 0.21 for 1 h and hyperoxic (Hyx, n = 6) exposed to FiO(2) of 1.0 for 1 h. In the Hyx group, PaO(2) was maintained above 400 mmHg while the Nx group was kept at 80-100 mmHg. Cerebral cortical tissue was harvested and mitochondrial fractions were isolated. Mitochondrial membrane proteins were separated using 12% SDS-PAGE, and probed with anti-serine phosphorylated Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, and Bad antibodies. Protein bands were detected, analyzed by imaging densitometry and density expressed as absorbance (OD x mm(2)). Phosphorylated Bcl-2 (p-Bcl-2) protein density (OD x mm(2)) was 81.81 +/- 9.24 in Nx and 158.34 +/- 10.66 in Hyx (P < 0.05). Phosphorylated Bcl-xl (p-Bcl-xl) protein density was 52.98 +/- 3.59 in Nx and 99.62 +/- 18.22 in Hyx (P < 0.05). Phosphorylated Bax (p-Bax) protein was 161.13 +/- 6.27 in Nx and 174.21 +/- 15.95 in Hyx (P = NS). Phosphorylated Bad (p-Bad) protein was 166.24 +/- 9.47 in Nx 155.38 +/- 12.32 in Hyx (P = NS). The data show that there is a significant increase in serine phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins while phosphorylation of Bad and Bax proteins were not altered during hyperoxia in the mitochondrial fraction of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. We conclude that hyperoxia results in differential post-translational modification of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl as compared to pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bad in mitochondria. We speculate that phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl will result in loss of their anti-apoptotic potential by preventing their dimerization with Bax leading to activation of the caspase cascade of neuronal death.
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PMID:Effect of hyperoxia on serine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins in mitochondrial membranes of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. 1916 18

IL-6 overexpression protects mice from hyperoxic acute lung injury in vivo, and treatment with IL-6 protects cells from oxidant-mediated death in vitro. The mechanisms of protection, however, are not clear. We characterized the expression, localization, and regulation of Bax, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, in wild-type (WT) and IL-6 lung-specific transgenic (Tg(+)) mice exposed to 100% O(2) and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with H(2)O(2) and IL-6. In control HUVEC treated with H(2)O(2) or in WT mice exposed to 100% O(2), a marked induction of Bax translocation and dimerization was associated with increased JNK and p38 kinase activity. In contrast, specific JNK or p38 kinase inhibitors or treatment with IL-6 inhibited Bax mitochondrial translocation and apoptosis of HUVEC. IL-6 Tg(+) mice exposed to 100% O(2) exhibited enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt kinase and increased serine phosphorylation of Bax at Ser(184) compared with WT mice. The PI3K-specific inhibitor LY-2940002 blocked this IL-6-induced Bax phosphorylation and promoted cell death. Furthermore, IL-6 potently blocked hyperoxia- or oxidant-induced Bax insertion into mitochondrial membranes. Thus IL-6 functions in a cytoprotective manner, in part, by suppressing Bax translocation and dimerization through PI3K/Akt-mediated Bax phosphorylation.
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PMID:IL-6 cytoprotection in hyperoxic acute lung injury occurs via PI3K/Akt-mediated Bax phosphorylation. 1937 89

The present study tests the hypothesis that hyperoxia results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax & Bad in the mitochondrial fraction of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. Twelve newborn piglets were divided into normoxic [Nx, n = 6], exposed to a FiO(2) of 0.21 for 1 h and hyperoxic [Hyx, n = 6], exposed to FiO(2) of 1.0 for 1 h. PaO(2) in Hyx group was maintained at 400 mmHg while the Nx group was kept at 80 to 100 mmHg. The density (O.D.x mm(2)) of phosphorylated Bcl2 protein on westernblot was 19.3 +/- 3.6 in Nx and 41.5 +/- 18.3 in Hyx, (P < 0.05). The density of phosphorylated Bcl-xl protein density was 26.9 +/- 7.0 in Nx and 47.9 +/- 2.5 in Hyx, (P < 0.05). Phosphorylated Bax density was 43.5 +/- 5.0 in Nx and 43.3 +/- 5.2 in Hyx. Phosphorylated Bad density was 23.6 +/- 3.9 in Nx, 24.4 +/- 4.7 in Hyx. The data show that during hyperoxia there is a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of Bcl2 and Bcl-xl, while the phosphorylation of proapototic proteins Bax & Bad was not altered. We conclude that hyperoxia leads to post translational modification of anti apoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-xl in cerebral cortical mitochondria. We propose that phosphorylation of Bcl2 will result in loss of its antiapoptotic potential by preventing its dimerization with Bax leading to activation of the caspase pathway and subsequent neuronal death in the cerebral cortex of the newborn piglets.
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PMID:Tyrosine phosphorylation of apoptotic proteins during hyperoxia in mitochondria of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets. 2021 44

Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic molecule preventing oxidative stress damage and cell death. We have previously shown that Bcl-2 is able to prevent hyperoxia-induced cell death when overexpressed in a murine fibrosarcoma cell line L929. We hypothesized that its specific overexpression in pulmonary epithelial type II cells could prevent hyperoxia-induced lung injury by protecting the epithelial side of the alveolo-capillary barrier. In the present work, we first showed that in vitro Bcl-2 can rescue murine pulmonary epithelial cells (MLE12) from oxygen-induced cell apoptosis, as shown by analysis of LDH release, annexin V/propidium staining, and caspase-3 activity. We then generated transgenic mice overexpressing specifically Bcl-2 in lung epithelial type II cells under surfactant protein C (SP-C) promoter (Tg-Bcl-2) and exposed them to hyperoxia. Bcl-2 did not hinder hyperoxia-induced mitochondria and DNA oxidative damage of type II cell in vivo. Accordingly, lung damage was identical in both Tg-Bcl-2 and littermate mice strains, as measured by lung weight, bronchoalveolar lavage, and protein content. Nevertheless, we observed a significant lower number of TUNEL-positive cells in type II cells isolated from Tg-Bcl-2 mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with cells isolated from littermate mice. In summary, these results show that although Bcl-2 overexpression is able to prevent hyperoxia-induced cell death at single cell level in vitro and ex vivo, it is not sufficient to prevent cell death of parenchymal cells and to protect the lung from acute damage in mice.
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PMID:Bcl-2 overexpression in type II epithelial cells does not prevent hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice. 2038 51


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