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Query: UNIPROT:P10412 (H1.4)
 75 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) was used to separate successfully distinct phosphorylated derivatives of individual histone H1 variants. With an untreated capillary (50 cm x 75 microns I.D.) the electrophoresis was performed in about 15 min. Inconvenient interactions of these highly basic proteins with the capillary wall were eliminated by using 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2.0) containing 0.03% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Under these experimental conditions the histone H1 variants H1b and H1c obtained from mitotic enriched NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were clearly separated in their non-phosphorylated and different phosphorylated forms. This result was confirmed by acid-urea gel electrophoresis, comparison with non-phosphorylated histones H1b and H1c, isolated from quiescent NIH 3T3 cells, and incubation of multi-phosphorylated histone H1b with alkaline phosphatase and subsequent acid-urea and capillary electrophoresis. The results illustrate that the application of HPCE to the analysis of histone modifications provides a new alternative to traditional gel electrophoresis.
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PMID:Separation of phosphorylated histone H1 variants by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. 143 24

The H1 histones serve as general repressors of gene expression by inducing the formation of a compact chromatin structure, whereas the high-mobility-group (HMG) non-histone chromosomal proteins have roles in maintaining the structure and function of transcriptionally active chromatin. The distribution of the H1 histone subtypes and HMG proteins among various trout tissues (liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, testis and erythrocyte) was determined. Histone H1b was present in the chromatin of liver, but not in the chromatin of hepatocellular carcinoma, testis or erythrocyte. Nuclease-resistant regions of liver chromatin had elevated levels of histone H1b. Histone H1b was isolated, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of histone H1b was found to be highly similar to that of mammalian histone H1(0) and duck H5. HMG proteins T1, T2, T3, H6, C, D and F were associated with liver and hepatocellular-carcinoma chromatin, with hepatocellular carcinoma containing higher levels of HMG T1 and F. Testis and erythrocyte had HMG T2 and H6 as their predominant HMG proteins. Most of the HMG H6 of hepatocellular carcinoma, but not of liver, was located in a chromatin fraction that was soluble at physiological ionic strength and enriched in transcriptionally active DNA. These alterations in the chromatin distribution and content of hepatocyte HMG proteins and H1 histone subtypes may contribute to aberrant hepatocyte gene expression in the hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Characterization and chromatin distribution of the H1 histones and high-mobility-group non-histone chromosomal proteins of trout liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. 174 24

Two human H1 histone genes, termed H1.3 and H1.4, were isolated from two cosmid clones. The H1.4 gene is associated with an H2B gene, whereas genes coding for all four core histones are located in the vicinity of the H1.3 gene. This cluster arrangement was found both in the two cosmid clones and on overlapping bacteriophage clones isolated from an EMBL3 library. In continuation of our previous analysis of two human H1 genes, this analysis raises the number of completely sequenced H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes to four.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of two human H1 histone genes within clusters of core histone genes. 191 25

Chromatin fragments stripped of H1 histones regain the ability to form higher order structures and aggregates in 0.15 M NaCl following reconstitution with histone H1. However, transcriptionally competent chromatin fragments are resistant to chicken erythrocyte H1/H5 histone-induced 0.15 M NaCl aggregation/precipitation. In this study, we investigated the ability of stripped chromatin fragments reconstituted with one of four histone H1 subtypes (chicken erythrocyte H1, H5, trout liver H1a, H1b) at various stoichiometries to form salt precipitable higher order structures. Our results provide evidence that chicken erythrocyte histone H1 was more effective than histone H5 and trout liver histone H1b better than H1a in forming higher order structures. None of the histone H1 subtypes could render transcriptionally competent chromatin fragments insoluble in 0.15 M NaCl. These results are consistent with the ideas that the histone H1 subtypes differ in their capacities to compact chromatin fiber, and that the alterations in the structure of transcriptionally competent nucleosomes interfere with the capacity of all H1 subtypes to form higher order structures.
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PMID:Differential compaction of transcriptionally competent and repressed chromatin reconstituted with histone H1 subtypes. 784 Nov 98

Chromosome assignment of the rat histone genes H1t, H1d (H1.4), H1fv (H10), Th2a and Th2b is described. The testicularly expressed histone genes H1t, Th2a and Th2b could be assigned to rat chromosome (RNO) 17 by PCR analysis of somatic cell hybrid DNAs. The H1d gene was mapped to RNO17p12-->p11 by FISH. These genes might form a histone gene cluster homologous to that found on HSA6p21.3 in humans and MMU13A2-3 in mice. The rat histone H1fv gene was assigned to RNO7 by PCR. This result allows the inclusion of rat H1fv to an established conserved group of syntenic genes in rat, mouse and human on chromosomes RNO7, MMU15 and HSA22, respectively.
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PMID:Chromosome mapping of rat histone genes H1fv, H1d, H1t, Th2a and Th2b. 904 Jul 79

Histones are the major protein constituents of the chromatin of eukaryotic cell nuclei. This group of basic proteins is extremely conserved throughout evolution and includes five classes termed H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. In mammals, each of these classes except H4 is subdivided into several subtypes. The most divergent class of histones is the H1 protein family, which consists of seven different subtypes, termed H1.1-H1.5, H1 degree, and H1t. The subtypes H1.2 and H1.4 are found in most somatic cell nuclei, whereas H1 degree is found in several differentiated tissues, and H1t is restricted to mammalian testicular cells. Similarly, core histone subtypes replacing the major forms of H2A, H2B or H3 have been described. Biochemical analysis of protein and RNA from different tissues and cell lines demonstrates varied patterns of expression of individual histone subtype genes. Moreover, antibodies against specific histone subtypes and in situ hybridization with subtype-specific probes indicate that the expression of histone subtype genes is in several cases modulated in a tissue-specific manner. This is particularly evident at the different stages of spermatogenesis when chromatin undergoes substantial reorganization, which finally results in the highly condensed state of chromatin of the mature sperm head.
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PMID:Histones: genetic diversity and tissue-specific gene expression. 904 36

We have previously shown that mouse phosphorylated histone H1b (pH1b) was localized near nuclear sites that contained splicing factors. This observation suggested to us that pH1b was associated with transcribing chromatin. Here we investigated the relationship between phosphorylation of H1b and transcription. We demonstrate that treatment of normal or ras-transformed mouse fibroblasts with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D for 70 min results in a dramatic decrease in the level of pH1b. Similar results were observed when transcription was inhibited by 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB). When DRB was removed, the level of pH1b was restored after 2 h. Treatment of the cells with aphidicolin, a potent inhibitor of replication, resulted in a marked decrease in the level of pH1b after 30 min. This is the first report showing a dependence of histone modification upon ongoing transcription and replication. Inhibition of transcription or replication may hinder accessibility of H1b to the H1 kinase, supporting the idea that pH1b is associated with transcribing chromatin. Phosphorylation of H1b may be required to maintain a more decondensed chromatin structure to facilitate transcription and replication processes.
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PMID:Histone H1b phosphorylation is dependent upon ongoing transcription and replication in normal and ras-transformed mouse fibroblasts. 907 20

We have previously located the genes of the five human main type H1 genes and the gene encoding the testicular subtype H1t to the region 21.1 to 22.2 on the short arm of chromosome 6. To investigate the organization of the histone genes in this region, we isolated two YACs from a human YAC library by PCR screening with primers specific for histone H1.1. This screen revealed two YAC clones, YAC Y23 (corresponding to ICRFy901D1223) contains an insert of about 480 kb, whereas the smaller YAC 4A (corresponding to ICRFy900C104) spans about 340 kb and is completely covered by YAC Y23. We have subcloned the YAC inserts in cosmids, determined the linear orientation of the cosmids by cosmid walking, and constructed a restriction map of the entire region by mapping the individual cosmids using partial digests and hybridization with labeled oligonucleotides complementary to the cos site of the vector. Hybridization analysis, subcloning, restriction mapping, and sequencing revealed that most of the previously isolated phage and cosmid clones containing histone genes are part of this YAC including the clones containing the four human main type H1 histone genes H1.1 to H1.4, the H1t gene, and core histone genes. Thirty-five histone genes map within 260 kb of the YAC Y23 insert. All newly identified histone genes were sequenced, and the sequences were deposited with the EMBL nucleotide sequence database. The histone H1.5 gene is not part of this region, and we therefore conclude that the H1.5 gene and the associated core histone genes form a separate subcluster within this chromosomal region.
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PMID:Human histone gene organization: nonregular arrangement within a large cluster. 911 99

Five main type H1 histones have been described in man (H1.1-H1.5) in addition to the testis specific type H1t and the replacement subtype H1 degrees, which is found mainly in highly differentiated cells. We have isolated this whole complement of H1 genes and have studied the expression of the seven human H1 subtype genes in several cell lines. The RNAase protection assay was used to discriminate between the very similar transcripts derived from the seven H1 subtype genes. With the exception of H1.2 and H1.4, we found substantial differences between the H1 mRNA levels in the different cell lines tested. No H1.1 mRNA was detected in most of the cell lines and just a low level of H1.1 mRNA was found in human testis. In contrast to the differential patterns of the other subtypes, H1.2 and H1.4 were in all cells expressed at a high level, indicating a basal function compared with the other H1 histones. Because differences in the timing of H1 protein subtype synthesis have been reported, we have analyzed the kinetics of accumulation of H1 subtypes in synchronized HeLa cells and observed that all H1 subtypes examined (H1 degrees, H1.2-H1.5) were expressed in a replication-dependent manner. The analysis showed a differential rise of mRNA levels during S-phase, from four-fold (H1 degrees) to 15-fold (H1.5). Our results may point at a specific function of each subtype and suggest that expression of the H1 histone subtype genes depends on common S-phase-depent factors as well as on individual regulatory systems. Thus, the data presented here provide a basis for further analysis of the regulation and function of the complex H1 gene and protein family.
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PMID:Varied expression patterns of human H1 histone genes in different cell lines. 932 6

Murine genes encoding the seven H1 histone isoforms H1.1-H1.5, H1(o) and H1t have been isolated and sequenced. We have established expression patterns of these genes in several tissues during postnatal development. For that analysis, RNase protection assay rather than Northern blot hybridization was used, since the sequences of these genes are highly similar and would cross-hybridize under Northern blot conditions. Expression patterns of H1.1 to H1.5 and H1(o) were determined in tissues of animals at days 5, 9 and 20 after birth and of adult mice. In addition, RNA was analyzed in three mouse cell lines (NIH3T3, P19, TM4). Transcription of the subtype genes H1.2 and H1.4 was found in all tissues and cell lines studied. The most varied expression patterns were obtained with the H1.1 subtype. H1.1 mRNA was found at high concentrations in thymus and spleen throughout development and in testis beginning with a low expression in 5-day-old animals and increasing levels in testis RNA from 9- and 20-day-old and adult mice. H1(o) mRNA was found primarily in highly differentiated tissues with concentrations decreasing from 5-day-old to adult animals.
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PMID:Expression of murine H1 histone genes during postnatal development. 965 12


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