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Query: UNIPROT:P10145 (IL-8)
 23,849 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Secretory phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s) are released in large amounts in the blood of patients with systemic inflammatory diseases and accumulate at sites of chronic inflammation, such as the airways of patients with bronchial asthma. Blood eosinophils or eosinophils recruited in inflammatory areas therefore can be exposed in vivo to high concentrations of sPLA(2). We have examined the effects of two structurally different sPLA(2)s (group IA and group IIA) on several functions of eosinophils isolated from normal donors and patients with hypereosinophilia. Both group IA and IIA sPLA(2) induced a concentration-dependent release of beta-glucuronidase, IL-6, and IL-8. Release of the two cytokines was associated with the accumulation of their specific mRNA. In addition, sPLA(2)s induced the surface expression of CD44 and CD69, two major activation markers of eosinophils. In contrast, none of the sPLA(2)s examined induced the production of IL-5, the de novo synthesis of leukotriene C(4) and platelet-activating factor, or the generation of superoxide anion from human eosinophils. Incubation of eosinophils with the major enzymatic products of the sPLA(2)s (arachidonic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, or lysophosphatidic acid) did not reproduce any of the enzymes' effects. In addition, inactivation of sPLA(2) enzymatic activity by bromophenacyl bromide did not influence the release of beta-glucuronidase or of cytokines. Stimulation of eosinophils by sPLA(2)s was associated with activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2. These results indicate that sPLA(2)s selectively activate certain proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions of human eosinophils through mechanism(s) independent from enzymatic activity and from the generation of arachidonic acid.
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PMID:Secretory phospholipases A2 activate selective functions in human eosinophils. 1262 87

The phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum has over 5000 genes, many of which probably facilitate bacterial wilt disease development. Using in vivo expression technology (IVET), we screened a library of 133 200 R. solanacearum strain K60 promoter fusions and isolated approximately 900 fusions expressed during bacterial growth in tomato plants. Sequence analysis of 307 fusions revealed 153 unique in planta-expressed (ipx) genes. These genes included seven previously identified virulence genes (pehR, vsrB, vsrD, rpoS, hrcC, pme and gspK) as well as seven additional putative virulence factors. A significant number of ipx genes may reflect adaptation to the host xylem environment; 19.6%ipx genes are predicted to encode proteins with metabolic and/or transport functions, and 9.8%ipx genes encode proteins possibly involved in stress responses. Many ipx genes (18%) encode putative transmembrane proteins. A majority of ipx genes isolated encode proteins of unknown function, and 13% were unique to R. solanacearum. The ipx genes were variably induced in planta; beta-glucuronidase reporter gene expression analysis of a subset of 44 ipx fusions revealed that in planta expression levels were between two- and 37-fold higher than in culture. The expression of many ipx genes was subject to known R. solanacearum virulence regulators. Of 32 fusions tested, 28 were affected by at least one virulence regulator; several fusions were controlled by multiple regulators. Two ipx fusion strains isolated in this screen were reduced in virulence on tomato, indicating that gene(s) important for bacterial wilt pathogenesis were interrupted by the IVET insertion; mutations in other ipx genes are necessary to determine their roles in virulence and in planta growth. Collectively, this profile of ipx genes suggests that in its host, R. solanacearum confronts and overcomes a stressful and nutrient-poor environment.
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PMID:Ralstonia solanacearum genes induced during growth in tomato: an inside view of bacterial wilt. 1534 45

The first epithelial surface encountered by inhaled materials is the epithelium of the respiratory tract. The epithelium is lined by a fluid (ELF) that can be sampled by a saline wash (lavage) of the area of interest. This technique, known as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), provides a means of sampling a body fluid that can provide valuable information on the reaction of the lung to inhaled materials. The most common responses measured are indicators of an inflammatory response, the most sensitive of which is an influx of neutrophils. In the extracellular fluid, levels of beta-glucuronidase activity indicate activation of macrophages, and lactate dehydrogenase activity indicates cytotoxicity. Other pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble factors that can be measured in BAL fluid include secretory products of macrophages and epithelial cells, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, fibronectin, interleukin-1, various chemotactic factors (including IL-8, MIP-2), growth factors, proteases, and antiproteases. Oxidative stress can be measured by the levels of reduced glutathione in ELF, and increased levels of alkaline phosphatase indicate increased Type II cell secretions. Allergic responses are indicated by increased eosinophils and factors such as histamine and arachidonate metabolites in BAL fluid. BAL analysis can be used as a complementary technique with more traditional measures of lung injury, such as histopathology or radiology. The advantage of BAL analysis is that one can pick up early indicators of biochemical changes leading to later morphological changes in a disease process. A second advantage is that the BAL fluid analyses are quantitative, and dose-response measures can be obtained. In large animals, one can do repeated lavages to follow a disease process; in small animals, one can use serial sacrifices in similarly exposed rodents to achieve the same goal. Research related to the use of BAL fluid analyses to detect lung damage has been conducted at the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute with funding from various sources including the US Department of Energy and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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PMID:Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to detect respiratory tract toxicity of inhaled material. 1609 23

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with inflammation of liver endothelium, which contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis. The mechanism of this endothelitis is not understood, since the virus does not appear to infect endothelial cells productively. Here, an 'innocent bystander' mechanism related to HCV proteins was hypothesized and it was investigated whether the binding of HCV particles to human endothelium induced functional changes in the cells. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to HCV-like particles (HCV-LPs) resulted in increased interleukin 8 (IL8) production and induction of apoptosis. The IL8 supernatants collected after stimulation of HUVECs with HCV-LPs, BV-GUS (control baculovirus containing beta-glucuronidase) and appropriate controls were used to assay the transendothelial migration of neutrophils. This assay confirmed that HCV-LP-induced IL8 was functionally active. Using specific NF-kappaB inhibitors, it was also shown that HCV-LP-induced NF-kappaB activity mediated IL8 production in HUVECs. Apoptosis appeared to be mediated by the Fas/Fas-L pathway, as neutralizing antibodies for Fas and Fas-L significantly protected HUVECs against HCV-LP-induced apoptosis. Treatment of HUVECs with HCV-LPs also enhanced cellular Fas-L expression and augmented caspase-3 activation. This was confirmed by using a specific caspase-3 inhibitor, Z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone. As shown by blocking of specific chemokine receptors for IL8 on HUVECs, the induction of IL8 did not appear to contribute to HCV-LP-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that HCV proteins can trigger the release of inflammatory chemokines such as IL8 and cause endothelial apoptosis, thereby facilitating endothelitis.
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PMID:Structural proteins of Hepatitis C virus induce interleukin 8 production and apoptosis in human endothelial cells. 1629 74

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a chemotactic aldehyde produced by lipid peroxidation, has been shown to trigger exocytosis in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate toward the granulocytic cell line by DMSO. In this work we studied HNE effects on the intracellular content of IL-8 and its release in DMSO-differentiated HL-60 cells. Cell incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.1 microM HNE induced a significant increase of IL-8 release after 30 min; the degree of HNE-induced IL-8 secretion became quite strong after 1 h, whereas the intracellular content showed no statistically significant changes. By contrast, 1 microM HNE induced a low decrease of the chemokine release; however, the used HNE concentrations failed to increase the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), a test used to assay cell viability. The addition of 0.1 microM IL-8 to DMSO-differentiated HL-60 cells induced a strong increase of exocytosis, measured by beta-glucuronidase secretion. Exocytosis stimulation by IL-8 was much higher than that given by the aldehyde; the addition of various HNE concentrations to cells incubated in the presence of IL-8 decreased the secretion given by the cytokine alone. However, HNE-induced exocytosis was likely to be a direct action of the aldehyde and was not mediated through the stimulation of IL-8 release since HNE was unable to modify IL-8 secretion during the short time of 10 min used in the exocytosis assay.
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PMID:Changes in IL-8 release and intracellular content in DMSO-differentiated HL-60 cells after treatment with 4-hydroxynonenal. 1850 12


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