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Query: UNIPROT:P10145 (IL-8)
 23,849 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) exerts unique chemotactic and activating activity on neutrophils. To address the significance of IL-8 in the fetoplacental unit during pregnancy, we cultured human placental explants that had been obtained by vaginal delivery, Caesarean section, or artificial abortion and then measured the IL-8 titer in the culture supernatants by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Chorionic tissue from the first trimester produced a significant amount of IL-8 (2.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml/10 mg, n = 5), while placentae in the second trimester (8.3 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/10 mg, n = 7) or at term (9.2 +/- 0.7 ng/ml/10 mg, n = 29) produced significantly higher amounts of IL-8. The presence or absence of labor did not affect the amount of placental IL-8 production. However, placentae with chorioamnionitis (25.2 +/- 1.6 ng/ml/10 mg, n = 9) showed significantly higher IL-8 production than those without chorioamnionitis (p less than 0.0001). Northern blot analysis of IL-8 mRNA expression demonstrated a constant level during pregnancy with or without chorioamnionitis, indicating the possibility that the major site of regulation of IL-8 synthesis in the placenta is posttranscriptional. Immunohistochemical analysis of first and third trimester placental tissues with rabbit anti-IL-8 antibody revealed the IL-8 producing cells to be trophoblasts and macrophage-like cells. IL-8 produced by the placental cells might contribute to potentiation of the immunocompetence of placental cells against bacteria invading the fetoplacental unit.
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PMID:Human placenta constitutively produces interleukin-8 during pregnancy and enhances its production in intrauterine infection. 139 27

The efferent lymph duct of the ovine prescapular lymph node was cannulated, and Salmonella abortusovis (SAO), a specific pathogen for sheep inducing abortion and mortality of newborn lambs, was inoculated by the subcutaneous route in this lymph node drained area. While the prescapular lymph node draining the inoculation site represented an efficient barrier for the vaccinal SAO Rv6 strain spreading, SAO 15/5 virulent bacteria were steadily detected in efferent lymph of infected sheep. The inoculation of the virulent strain of SAO induced a greater increase of the cell output than did the attenuated vaccinal strain, but proportions of blast cells appearing in the efferent lymph were similar in both cases. Flow cytometry analysis showed that B and T cell outputs were both increased during SAO infections, but while T cell subset proportions slightly decreased, B cell percentages significantly rose, and, at the peak response, almost all of the lymphoblast cells were activated B cells. Typical antibody profiles characteristic of a primary immune response were observed, and antibody titres were greater in the efferent lymph of animals inoculated with the virulent strain of SAO. Many of the cytokine mRNAs we investigated were steadily detected by RT-PCR in efferent lymph cells of control sheep, but frequencies of detection of IL-2, IFN gamma, IL-1 beta and TNF alpha mRNAs were augmented in efferent lymph cells following inoculation of both SAO virulent or vaccinal strains. IL-10 and IL-8 mRNAs could only be detected after a SAO inoculation, while detection of IL-4 mRNAs was increased only in efferent lymph cells from SAO virulent strain-infected sheep. The efferent lymph cannulation technique thus appeared a very powerful way to study the in vivo development of the immune response to SAO, in its natural host, the sheep.
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PMID:Analysis of the immune response in sheep efferent lymph during Salmonella abortusovis infection. 953 71

Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes abortion in both sheep and humans. The disease in sheep (but not humans) is characterized by a long-term persistent phase that appears to be under the control of interferon-gamma. However, nothing is known about cytokine induction that precedes the persistent phase in sheep. Primary alveolar lavage cells recovered from normal adult sheep were used to study cytokine production in the first 72 h of infection with C. psittaci. These cells were phenotypically characteristic of macrophages, being adherent, phagocytic, CD14+ and staining positive for non-specific esterase. In vitro infection of the macrophages with C. psittaci resulted in the release of IL-1beta, IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as measured by ovine-specific ELISAs. Heat-treated chlamydiae (1 h at 65 degrees C) did not induce the release of IL-1beta, but the release of IL-8 was similar to that induced by untreated organisms. The cells from different sheep varied most notably in their patterns of GM-CSF release in response to heat-treated and untreated organisms.
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PMID:Cytokine release by ovine macrophages following infection with Chlamydia psittaci. 1044 63

The spontaneous loss of normal karyotype embryos may be initiated or prevented by the maternal immune system. In mice, loss between the time of implantation (day 4.5) and formation of a vascularized placenta (day 9.5) when the embryo is too large to survive by diffusion alone, is analogous to occult pregnancy failure in humans. They are called occult because usually the woman does not know she is pregnant. From studies in mice, these early losses have a different mechanism than abortion of a vascularized placenta (analogous to clinically evident human spontaneous miscarriage). The latter depend on the activation of the novel prothrombinase fgl2 on the fetal trophoblast and in maternal decidua by the T helper-1 (Th1) type cytokines TNF- alpha+gamma -interferon that arise from NK cells and NK gammadelta T cells; conversion of prothrombin to thrombin which in turn generates IL8 that activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes leads to embryonic death. These inflammatory processes are counteracted by Th2/3-type cytokines that arise in part from V gamma 1 delta 6 T cells reacting to, as yet, unidentified trophoblast antigens in the presence of the 'tolerance signaling molecule' OX-2. By contrast, peri-implantation losses (between implantation and formation of a vascularized placenta, analogous to occult losses in humans) appear to be dependent upon perforin(+)cells, complement activation, and products of alphabeta T and NK alphabeta T cells, but not on TNF- alpha or procoagulant activation. Similarities and differences between findings in the mouse and human, and the potential evolutionary significance of mechanisms affecting reproductive success are reviewed.
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PMID:Procoagulants in fetus rejection: the role of the OX-2 (CD200) tolerance signal. 1143 33

Stress induces CRH secretion that activates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is also abortogenic. In addition to hypothalamus, CRH and its analog urocortin (Ucn) are also secreted locally outside the brain where they activate mast cells leading to inflammation; however, the level of CRH and Ucn or mast cell mediators has not been examined in products of conception (POC). CRH and Ucn were measured by enzyme immunoassay, tryptase by fluoroenzyme immunoassay, and IL-8 by ELISA in POC of 7-9 wk gestation from Caucasian women; they were divided into group I with elective abortions (n = 4), group II with one spontaneous abortion (n = 12), and group III with at least two spontaneous abortions (n = 7). CRH, Ucn, tryptase, and IL-8 levels were higher (P < 0.05) in group III (8683 +/- 1201 pg/g, 7961 +/- 1499 pg/g, 1553 +/- 572 ng/g, and 8317 +/- 1874 pg/g, respectively) than group II (2561 +/- 314 pg/g, 2349 +/- 394 pg/g, 403 +/- 97 ng/g, and 3199 +/- 449 pg/g, respectively) and group I (163 +/- 162 pg/g, 328 +/- 327 pg/g, 72 +/- 31 ng/g, and 3681 +/- 931 pg/g, respectively). Immunostaining of POC showed significantly more tryptase in group III women. High POC levels of CRH and Ucn under stress in habitual spontaneous abortions may activate uterine mast cells to secrete abortogenic tryptase and IL-8.
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PMID:High levels of intrauterine corticotropin-releasing hormone, urocortin, tryptase, and interleukin-8 in spontaneous abortions. 1460 8

Amniotic fluid was obtained from 180 patients by amniocentesis at 16-22 weeks of gestation and assayed for the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, leukocyte elastase (LE), and glucose. Ten of cases had clinical symptoms, such as uterine contraction, genital bleeding, and cervical ripening, and the other 170 were assessed for fetal chromosomal features. Four of the ten cases with uterine contraction developed abortion, while 10 of those screened had findings of fetal chromosomal anomalies, and 7 cases then underwent induced abortion artificially. In the cases of abortion, levels of IL-6, IL-8 and LE were higher than in the samples from the 160 pregnant women without clinical symptoms and a normal karyotype, while glucose in amniotic fluid was lower. Of 6 cases with clinical symptoms, but not developing abortion, 4 developed preterm labor, and in these IL-6 and IL-8 also were significantly elevated, with LE being slight high compared to normal. The results suggest that IL-6, IL-8, LE, and glucose in amniotic fluid at early second trimester can be used as markers of severe infection in the uterus, and with the first two being particularly sensitive.
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PMID:Evaluation levels of cytokines in amniotic fluid of women with intrauterine infection in the early second trimester. 1635 74

Evidence suggests that chemokines, proteins involved in regulation of inflammation and immune response, may have a regulatory function in pregnancy. The authors hypothesized that circulating levels of chemokines are associated with increased risk of miscarriage. Serum samples were obtained from women in the Collaborative Perinatal Project cohort who had had a miscarriage (n=439) and controls (n=373) matched by gestational age at sample collection. Concentrations of interleukin 8, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA)-78, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell-expressed, and secreted) were determined by multiplex assays, and values were standardized using the standard deviation among controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to model the relation between chemokine levels and risk of miscarriage. In multivariable analysis using all available data, the authors did not observe significant associations between any of the evaluated chemokines and miscarriage risk. In analyses using subsets of the study population based on the collection-outcome interval, elevated ENA-78 levels were associated with increased risk of miscarriage as the collection-outcome interval increased; the adjusted odds ratio was 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.49) for samples collected more than 35 days prior to pregnancy outcome. The observation regarding ENA-78, which has roles in regulation of angiogenesis and leukocyte recruitment, suggests a possible role for this chemokine as an early indicator of miscarriage risk.
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PMID:Circulating chemokine levels and miscarriage. 1750 78

Brucellosis is still a widespread zoonotic disease. Very little is known about the interaction between Brucella abortus and trophoblastic cells, which is essential for better understanding the pathogenesis of the Brucella-induced placentitis and abortion, a key event for transmission of the disease. The goal of this study was to evaluate the profile of gene expression by bovine trophoblastic cells during infection with B. abortus. Explants of chorioallantoic membranes were inoculated with B. abortus strain 2308. Microarray analysis was performed at 4 h after infection, and expression of cytokines and chemokines by trophoblastic cells was assessed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR at 6 and 12 h after inoculation. In addition, cytokine and chemokine expression in placentomes from experimentally infected cows was evaluated. Expression of proinflammatory genes by trophoblastic cells was suppressed at 4 h after inoculation, whereas a significant upregulation of CXC chemokines, namely, CXCL6 (GCP-2) and CXCL8 (interleukin 8), was observed at 12 but not at 6 h after inoculation. Placentomes of experimentally infected cows had a similar profile of chemokine expression, with upregulation of CXCL6 and CXCL8. Our data indicate that B. abortus modulates the innate immune response by trophoblastic cells, suppressing the expression of proinflammatory mediators during the early stages of infection that is followed by a delayed and mild expression of proinflammatory chemokines, which is similar to the profile of chemokine expression in the placentomes of experimentally infected cows. This trophoblastic response is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of B. abortus-induced placentitis.
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PMID:Modulation of the bovine trophoblastic innate immune response by Brucella abortus. 1831 88

Chlamydophila abortus is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium that causes infectious abortion in sheep (ovine enzootic abortion, OEA) and humans. Infected placentas recovered from sheep that experience OEA have thickened membranes, contain dense inflammatory cellular infiltrates and show evidence of intravascular thrombosis. Despite widespread inflammation, chlamydial multiplication is restricted to the chorionic trophoblast cells. To investigate the potential role of trophoblast in the initiation and propagation of placental inflammation during OEA, the AH-1 ovine trophoblast cell line was experimentally infected with C. abortus and analysed for the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. C. abortus was found to induce the release of both tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and CXCL8 (interleukin-8) from AH-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ultra-violet (UV)-killed organisms did not elicit this profile, indicating that intracellular multiplication of C. abortus was required for release of these pro-inflammatory mediators. Exposure of AH-1 cells to recombinant ovine TNFalpha alone resulted in the release of CXCL8, suggestive of a self-propagating inflammatory cytokine and chemokine cascade. These data indicate a primary role for trophoblast in the initiation and propagation of placental inflammation during chlamydial abortion.
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PMID:Ovine trophoblast is a primary source of TNFalpha during Chlamydophila abortus infection. 1936 67

Ureaplasma spp. are the most frequently isolated microorganisms inside the amniotic cavity and have been associated with spontaneous abortion, chorioamnionitis, premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), and preterm labor (PL). We analyzed 118 samples from amniotic fluid of preterm infants before 34 weeks of gestation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Bacterial load, Ureaplasma biovar discrimination (Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum), and the level of inflammation were correlated with short-term clinical outcome. U. parvum was the predominant biovar, and increased bacterial load was significantly linked to histologic chorioamnionitis, PROM + PL, early-onset sepsis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the amount of U. parvum and the magnitude of inflammatory response inside the amniotic cavity observed by elevated interleukin 8 levels. We postulate that the bacterial load of Ureaplasma spp. measured by qPCR should be determined in studies investigating the potential clinical impact of intrauterine Ureaplasma spp. on the outcome of preterm infants.
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PMID:The bacterial load of Ureaplasma parvum in amniotic fluid is correlated with an increased intrauterine inflammatory response. 2020 94


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