Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P08758 (annexin V)
 9,383 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Annexin V is a member of a new family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. It has been previously isolated as placental anticoagulant protein I, inhibitor of blood coagulation, vascular anticoagulant-alpha, endonexin II, lipocortin V, placental protein 4, and anchorin CII. The human gene encoding annexin V (ANX5) was localized to 4q26----q28 by in situ hybridization with a cDNA probe and polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) analysis of a human x hamster hybrid cell panel. The regional localization to 4q26----q28 was supported by Southern-blot analysis of a human cell line with a deletion in 4q23----q27. This localization overlaps but differs slightly from the previous assignment of ANX5 to 4q28----q32. Digestion with PvuII and TaqI identified polymorphisms at the ANX5 locus; the PvuII polymorphism could also be detected by PCR analysis.
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PMID:Chromosomal localization of the human gene for annexin V (placental anticoagulant protein I) to 4q26----q28. 168 30

A relatively recently identified family of structurally similar Ca2(+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins is called the annexin gene family. At least seven genes are known, although their exact functions are unclear. The endonexin II gene (ENX2), one member of the gene family, is assigned to 4q28----q32 using both Southern transfer analysis of human x rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs and in situ chromosome hybridization. One of the lipocortin II genes, another annexin, had previously been assigned to the long arm of chromosome 4.
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PMID:The human endonexin II (ENX2) gene is located at 4q28----q32. 253 88

Annexin V is a phospholipase A2 and protein kinase C inhibitory protein with calcium channel activity and an undefined role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, growth and differentiation. Three genomic clones for human annexin V (ANX5) were characterized by restriction analysis, Southern blotting and sequencing. ANX5 spans at least 29 kb of the human genome and contains 13 exons ranging in length from 44 to 513 bp and 12 introns from 232 bp to 8 kb. The absence of a typical TATA box and the presence of high G+C content and Sp1-binding sites in its promoter characterize it as a 'housekeeping' gene and account for its broad pattern of expression. Potential binding sites for cis-regulatory elements identified in the 5'-upstream region of annexin V are consistent with its known regulation by oncogenic and growth-related stimuli. ANX5, like its chick homologue, differs from the genes encoding annexins I, II and III in features of its promoter and in the size of its exons 1, 2 and 3 in ways that may impart individuality to its regulation and function.
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PMID:The gene encoding human annexin V has a TATA-less promoter with a high G+C content. 795 98

A full-length cDNA encoding mouse annexin V (ANX5) was cloned, sequenced, and utilized for chromosomal mapping. The gene lies on mouse chromosome 3 in close linkage with the fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic) gene and is syntenic with other genes known to have orthologous counterparts on human chromosome 4q. The open reading frame encoded a protein of 319 amino acids (aa), with 92-96% identity to ANX5 in other species. Internal repeat 3 of mouse ANX5 exhibited the highest level of nonconservative aa replacements with respect to other annexin subfamilies, but the greatest sequence conservation among ANX5 species members. This region may thus contain features that distinguish ANX5 from other annexins in properties or function. Phylogenetic analysis and homology testing of ANX5 members indicated that the 34-kDa annexin from Torpedo marmorata may also belong to this subfamily. Comparison of nine species of ANX5 led to an estimation of the unit evolutionary mutation rate at 1% aa replacements every 8 million years, comparable to other annexins.
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PMID:Mouse annexin V chromosomal localization, cDNA sequence conservation, and molecular evolution. 882 96

Annexin A5 is a member of a family of homologous proteins sharing the ability to bind to negatively charged phospholipid membranes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Annexin A5, as well as other annexins, self-assembles into two-dimensional (2D) ordered arrays upon binding to membranes, a property that has been proposed to have functional implications. Electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy experiments have revealed that annexin A5 forms two types of 2D crystals-with either p6 or p3 symmetry-that are both based on annexin trimers. In this study, we describe three other crystal forms that coexist with the p6 crystals. All crystal forms are made of the same building blocks, namely, dimers of trimers and trimers of trimers. A mechanistic model of the formation of the annexin A5 2D crystals is proposed.
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PMID:Trimers, dimers of trimers, and trimers of trimers are common building blocks of annexin a5 two-dimensional crystals. 1135 64

Annexin A5 (annexin V, anchorin CII) represents the prototype member of the large annexin family, characterized by its ability to interact with phospholipids in a calcium-dependent manner and to form calcium-specific ion channels. Despite intense biochemical analysis, the in vivo expression and function of this annexin during mouse development, still remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and reporter gene expression were used to define expression of annexin A5 during early mouse development. First, annexin A5 expression is associated with the developing vascular system. Later, expression is detected within the notochord and found in parallel to the differentiation of cartilage and bone. Therefore, expression of the Anxa5 gene may represent a novel marker characterizing cell lineages involved in the development of the vascular as well as the skeletal system.
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PMID:Sequential expression of annexin A5 in the vasculature and skeletal elements during mouse development. 1173 Dec 55

Annexin A5 binds to phosphatidylserine (PS), which is one of the "eat me" signals at the surface of the apoptotic cell. This property has been the driving force for the research of annexin A5 as a probe to measure apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. A non-invasive imaging protocol using annexin A5 has been developed and applied successfully to measure programmed cell death programmed cell death (PCD) in patients. This review highlights the aspects of this development and discusses clinical relevance, limitations and future perspectives of this approach of visualizing cell death.
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PMID:Visualization of cell death in vivo with the annexin A5 imaging protocol. 1207 83

Annexin A5 has been proposed to be important for shielding of negatively charged phospholipids from blood, thereby preventing the binding of clotting factors. It has been suggested that antiphospholipid antibodies can disrupt the binding of annexin A5 from negatively phospholipid-containing surfaces, resulting in uncontrolled coagulation. If this hypothesis is correct, than the plasma levels of annexin A5 will be increased in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Therefore, we have measured plasma levels of annexin A5 of 175 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), of which 104 had antiphospholipid antibodies and 23 patients had primary antiphospholipid syndrome. The annexin A5 levels were compared with the annexin A5 plasma levels measured in 23 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and 35 healthy volunteers. We found a significant increase of annexin A5 plasma levels in patients with SLE (median 6.7 ng mL(-1)) and primary antiphospholipid syndrome (median 7.1 ng mL(-1)) as compared to patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (median 3.3 ng mL(-1)) and healthy volunteers (median 3.9 ng mL(-1)). However, no correlation was found with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies or with a history of thromboembolic complications. Based on these observations, we conclude that displacement of annexin A5 from cellular surfaces by antiphospholipid antibodies is not a common mechanism in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies.
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PMID:The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies is not related to increased levels of annexin A5 in plasma. 1287 62

The antiphospholipid (aPL) syndrome is an autoimmune condition that is marked by recurrent pregnancy losses and/or systemic vascular thrombosis in patients who have antibodies against phospholipid/co-factor complexes. The mechanism(s) for pregnancy losses and thrombosis in this condition is (are) not known. Annexin A5 is a potent anticoagulant protein, expressed by placental trophoblasts and endothelial cells, that crystallizes over anionic phospholipids, shielding them from availability for coagulation reactions. We previously presented data supporting the hypothesis that aPL antibody-mediated disruption of the anticoagulant annexin A5 shield could be a thrombogenic mechanism in the aPL syndrome. However, this has remained a subject of controversy. We therefore used atomic force microscopy, a method previously used to study the crystallization of annexin A5, to image the effects of monoclonal human aPL antibodies on the crystal structure of the protein over phospholipid bilayers. In the presence of the aPL monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and beta(2)-GPI, the major aPL co-factor, structures presumed to be aPL mAb-antigen complexes were associated with varying degrees of disruption to the annexin A5 crystallization pattern over the bilayer. In addition, measurements of prothrombinase activity on the phospholipid bilayers showed that the aPL mAbs reduced the anti-coagulant effect of annexin A5 and promoted thrombin generation. These data provide morphological evidence that support the hypothesis that aPL antibodies can disrupt annexin A5 binding to phospholipid membranes and permit increased generation of thrombin. The aPL antibody-mediated disruption of the annexin A5 anticoagulant shield may be an important prothrombotic mechanism in the aPL syndrome.
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PMID:Human monoclonal antiphospholipid antibodies disrupt the annexin A5 anticoagulant crystal shield on phospholipid bilayers: evidence from atomic force microscopy and functional assay. 1293 61

Expression of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) at the cell surface is part of the membrane dynamics of apoptosis. Expressed phosphatidylserine functions as an "eat me" flag toward phagocytes. Here, we report that the expressed phosphatidylserine forms part of a hitherto undescribed pinocytic pathway. Annexin A5, a phosphatidylserine-binding protein, binds to and polymerizes through protein-protein interactions on membrane patches expressing phosphatidylserine. The two-dimensional protein network of annexin A5 at the surface prevents apoptotic body formation without interfering with the progression of apoptosis as demonstrated by activation of caspase-3, PtdSer exposure, and DNA fragmentation. The annexin A5 protein network bends the membrane patch nanomechanically into the cell and elicits budding, endocytic vesicle formation, and cytoskeleton-dependent trafficking of the endocytic vesicle. Annexin A1, which binds to PtdSer without forming a two-dimensional protein network, does not induce the formation of endocytic vesicles. This novel pinocytic pathway differs from macropinocytosis, which is preceded by membrane ruffling and actin polymerization. We clearly showed that actin polymerization is not involved in budding and endocytic vesicle formation but is required for intracellular trafficking. The phosphatidylserine-annexin A5-mediated pinocytic pathway is not restricted to cells in apoptosis. We demonstrated that living tumor cells can take up substances through this novel portal of cell entry. This opens new avenues for targeted drug delivery and cell entry.
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PMID:Cell surface-expressed phosphatidylserine and annexin A5 open a novel portal of cell entry. 1538 97


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