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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The evolution of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini, composed of macaques, baboons, mandrills, drills, and mangabeys, was examined using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data on the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene. When analyzed cladistically, these data support a baboon clade of savannah (Papio) plus gelada (Theropithecus) baboons, as well as a clade containing drill (Mandrillus) plus mangabey (Cerocebus) genera. This result stands in opposition to most morphological phylogenies, which break up the baboon clade by placing Papio and Mandrillus as sister taxa and Theropithecus as a more distantly related lineage. Analyses of COII gene sequences also suggest that the papionin ancestral stock divided into two lineages, one leading to macaques and the other to the purely African genera. From a molecular evolutionary perspective, the papionin COII gene sequences reveal a pattern of amino acid replacements concentrated in the regions spanning the mitochondrial membrane.
Mol Biol Evol 1992 Jan
PMID:Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Old-World monkey tribe Papionini. 131 38

We examine the complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene of 13 species of insects, representing 10 orders. The genes range from 673 to 690 bp in length, encoding 226 to 229 amino acids. Several insertion or deletion events, each involving one or two codons, can be observed. The 3' end of the gene is extremely variable in both length and sequence, making alignment of the ends unreliable. Using the first 639 nucleotide positions, for which unambiguous alignments could be obtained, we examine the neighbor-joining trees based on nucleotide divergences and based on conserved subsets of that data, including transversion and amino acid and second codon position divergences. Each of these subsets produces different trees, none of which can be easily reconciled with trees constructed using morphology and the fossil record. Bootstrap analysis using second codon positions strongly supports affinities between the order Blatteria (cockroaches) and the order Isoptera (termites) and between a wasp and the published honeybee sequence (Order Hymenoptera). The divergence of insect orders is very ancient and may have occurred too rapidly for easy resolution using mitochondrial protein sequences. Unambiguous resolution of insect orders will probably require analysis of many additional taxa, using the COII gene and other conserved sequences.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 1992 Mar
PMID:Evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene among 10 orders of insects. 134 23

Transcripts from many mitochondrial genes in kinetoplastids are heterogeneous in size, often occurring as 2 distinct size classes, but this cannot be accounted for by RNA editing alone. Analyses of transcripts from 6 mitochondrial genes of Trypanosoma brucei indicates that the size variation is due to poly(A) tail length. A larger fraction of CYb, COI and COII transcripts have longer poly(A) tails in procyclic than in bloodstream forms. These transcripts are also more abundant in the procyclic forms. In contrast, a more substantial fraction of CR1 transcripts have longer poly(A) tails in bloodstream than in procyclic forms and these transcripts tend to be more abundant in bloodstream forms. Both ND4 and MURF1 transcripts show a similar size distribution of poly(A) tail lengths in these life cycle states although both transcripts are more abundant in bloodstream forms. Furthermore, genes with edited transcripts tend to have longer poly(A) tails than unedited transcripts. Transcript abundance is not strictly correlated with longer poly(A) tails. Thus, poly(A) length variation appears to be developmentally regulated in a transcript-specific fashion in T. brucei. This regulation of polyadenylation may influence mitochondrial gene expression as polyadenylation can regulate cytoplasmic gene expression in eukaryotes.
Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992 Jun
PMID:Transcript-specific developmental regulation of polyadenylation in Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria. 135 74

We have cloned and sequenced over 9 kb of the mitochondrial genome from the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Within a continuous 8.0-kb fragment are located the genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2, 3, and 4L (ND1, ND2, ND3, and ND4L), cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II, and III (COI, COII, and COIII), and adenosine triphosphatase subunits 6 and 8 (ATPase 6 and ATPase 8). This large fragment also contains a cluster of 13 tRNA genes between ND1 and COI as well as the genes for isoleucine tRNA between ND1 and ND2, arginine tRNA between COI and ND4L, lysine tRNA between COII and ATPase 8, and the serine (UCN) tRNA between COIII and ND3. The genes for the other five tRNAs lie outside this fragment. The gene for phenylalanine tRNA is located between cytochrome b and the 12S ribosomal genes. The genes for tRNA(glu) and tRNA(thr) are 3' to 12S ribosomal gene. The tRNAs for histidine and serine (AGN) are adjacent to each other and lie between ND4 and ND5. These data confirm the novel gene order in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of sea stars and delineate additional distinctions between the sea star and other mtDNA molecules.
J Mol Evol 1990 Sep
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of nine protein-coding genes and 22 tRNAs in the mitochondrial DNA of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. 197 16

The 15,650 base-pair mitochondrial genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has been cloned and sequenced. It exhibits a novel organization that suggests the primacy of post-transcriptional gene regulation. The same 13 polypeptides, two rRNAs and 22 tRNAs are encoded as in other animal mitochondrial DNAs, but are organized with extreme economy; non-coding information between genes is almost completely absent, some stop codons are generated post-transcriptionally and tRNA sequences are interspersed between only a minority of other structural genes. The genome uses a variant genetic code, in which AAA specifies asparagine, ATA isoleucine, TGA tryptophan and AGN serine, and has an unusual pattern of codon bias. The order of genes shows several differences from that of vertebrates. The genes for the large (16 S) ribosomal RNA and for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (ND4L) are in different positions, located respectively between those encoding ND2 and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and between COI and COII. This organization is conserved amongst at least four regular echinoids diverging by some 225 million years. Most tRNA genes are also in different positions. The only long unassigned sequence in the genome (121 base-pairs) is located within a cluster of 15 tRNA genes. It contains elements resembling some of those found in the displacement (D) loop of vertebrate mtDNAs, notably polypurine/polypyrimidine tracts that may play a role in regulating transcription and the initiation of replication. The separation of the ribosomal RNA genes from each other and from the putative control region imposes special demands on the transcription of the genome.
J Mol Biol 1988 Jul 20
PMID:Nucleotide sequence and gene organization of sea urchin mitochondrial DNA. 317 15

Length changes in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are potentially useful markers for inferring the evolutionary history of populations. One such length change is a nine base pair (9-bp) deletion that is located in the intergenic region between the COII gene and the Lysine tRNA gene (COII/tRNALys intergenic region). This deletion has been used as a genetic marker to trace descent from peoples of East Asian origin. A geographic cline of the deletion frequency across modern Pacific Islander populations suggests that the deletion may be useful for tracing prehistoric Polynesian origins and affinities. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within two variable segments of the control region (CR) permits a number of inferences regarding the evolutionary history of the 9-bp deletion that cannot be determined from frequency data alone. We obtained CR sequences from 74 mtDNAs with the 9-bp deletion from Indonesia, coastal Papua New Guinea (PNG), and American Samoa. Phylogenetic and pairwise distribution analysis of these CR sequences pooled with previously published CR sequences reveals that the deletion arose independently in Africa and Asia and suggests possible multiple origins of the deletion in Asia. A clinal increase of the frequency of the 9-bp deletion across the three Pacific populations is associated with a decrease in CR sequence diversity, consistent with founder events. Furthermore, analysis of pairwise difference distributions indicates an expansion time of proto-Polynesians that began 5,500 yr ago from Southeast Asia. These results are consistent with the express train model of Polynesian origins.
Mol Biol Evol 1995 Jul
PMID:Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific. 765 16

In the rabbit, partial outlet obstruction of the urinary bladder results in significant changes in the physiology, cellular structure, and cellular metabolism of that organ. One of the most striking changes observed is a 50% decrease in oxidative metabolism. Here we investigate whether the function of the mitochondrial (mt) genetic system is altered in rabbit bladder tissue following partial outlet obstruction. Southern analyses of total DNA prepared from bladder tissue excised as a function of time after initiation of partial outlet obstruction showed that the relative number of copies of the mt genome decreases as much as 10-fold during the first 7 d after obstruction, and that this attenuated mt genome copy number is maintained until at least 14 d post-obstruction. Northern analyses, in contrast, showed that mt COII and cytochrome b transcript levels initially decrease but recover to control levels by about 5 d after obstruction; that level is maintained through 14 d post-obstruction. Enzymatic analysis of cytochrome oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities in obstructed bladder tissue gave results which paralleled the pattern in the mt RNA analyses. Surprisingly, transcript levels for the mt-related nuclear COIV gene rapidly decreased to about 50% of control levels following obstruction and remained there until 14 d post-obstruction. These results indicate that partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit bladder leads to significant changes in the status and expression of the mt genetic system in bladder tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Cell Biochem 1994 Dec 07
PMID:Partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit bladder results in changes in the mitochondrial genetic system. 787 8

The genus Heliconius has been revised more than a dozen times, yet relationships among many of its species groups remain obscure. A reliable phylogenetic hypothesis is desirable, because the genus has been a model system for studies of tropical community ecology, mimicry, and ecological genetics for the last 3 decades. A new cladogram for 35 species of Heliconius and the related genera Eueides, Laparus, and Neruda is presented, based on mitochondrial sequences spanning part of the COI gene and the COII gene. The data support most traditionally recognized species groups and also the monophyly of the above four genera with respect to other heliconiine outgroups. However, Heliconius is paraphyletic with respect to the other three genera. These data will allow a reinvestigation of problematical morphological, behavioral, and cytological traits in the group.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 1994 Jun
PMID:Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). 807 34

The nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial ND2, COI, COII, ATPase8, srRNA and nine tRNA genes have been sequenced from two individual of the meadow grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus. Comparisons are made to other insects for which the same regions are completely sequenced. Percentage A + T is found to be relatively low in C. parallelus though consistent with that of the other Orthopteran, Locusta migratoria. The relative number of substitutions observed in the different protein-coding genes was analysed between pairs of insect species sharing different levels of relatedness. A clear change in this rate was observed between the within-genus and between-genera comparisons. This change is interpreted in terms of the functional constraints acting on these four different genes. The patterns seem to result from an early saturation of COI and COII genes with synonymous substitutions, and a tolerance of ND2 and ATPase8 function to high levels of amino acid replacements. This analysis highlights a need for further sequence studies and comparisons between taxa of different levels of divergence in order to understand the patterns of mtDNA evolution on which many evolutionary investigations are based.
Insect Mol Biol 1996 May
PMID:The sequence and structure of the meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) mitochondrial srRNA, ND2, COI, COII ATPase8 and 9 tRNA genes. 867 63

The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of the gorilla was sequenced. The entire sequence, 16,412 nucleotides, was determined by analysis of natural (not polymerase chain reaction) restriction fragments covering the whole molecule. The sequence was established from one individual and thus nonchimeric. After comparison with the COII gene of gorilla specimens with known geographical origin, the sequence was identified as characteristic of the Western lowland gorilla, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. With the exception of the NADH2 gene, all genes have a methionine start codon. The inferred start codon of NADH2 is ATT (isoleucine). The COIII, NASDH4, and cytochrome b genes are not terminated by a stop codon triplet, and the COI gene is probably terminated by an AAA triplet rather than by a regular stop codon. The great majority of genic sequences (rRNAs, peptide-coding genes, tRNAs) of the complete mtDNAs of Gorilla, Pan, and Homo show a greater similarity between Pan and Homo than between either of these genera to Gorilla. The analysis of the peptide-coding genes suggest that relative to comparison between Homo and Pan a certain degree of transition saturation has taken place in codon position 3 in comparisons between Gorilla to either Homo or Pan.
Mol Biol Evol 1996 May
PMID:A complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the western lowland gorilla. 867 44


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