Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A common genetic variant (V) of the human luteinizing hormone (LH) beta-subunit gene was recently discovered. The V-LH molecules have higher bioactivity in vitro, but shorter half-life in circulation, which apparently is related to the alterations of LH function observed in individuals homo- and heterozygous for the V-LHbeta allele. We have now studied whether additional mutations in the V-LHbeta promoter sequence could contribute to the altered physiology of the LH variant molecules. The 661 bp 5'-flanking region of the V-LHbeta gene, retrieved from human genomic DNA by PCR, contained eight single-nucleotide changes, as compared with the wild-type (wt) LHbeta promoter. The finding was consistent in DNA samples of different ethnic groups. Reporter constructs with various lengths of the wt- and V-LH promoter sequences, driving the firefly luciferase reporter gene, were transfected into an immortalized mouse pituitary cell line, LbetaT(2), known to express the endogenous LHbeta gene, and into a non-endocrine human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK 293. Basal expression levels of the V-LHbeta promoter constructs were on average 36% higher in LbetaT(2)cells ( P < 0.001; n = 29), and 40% higher in HEK 293 cells ( P < 0.001; n = 16), as compared with the respective wt sequences. Numerous qualitative and quantitative differences were found between the two cell lines in responses of the two promoter sequences to stimulation with 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP, progesterone and gonado- tropin-releasing hormone. In conclusion, the V-LHbeta promoter has higher basal activity, and differs in response to hormonal stimulation, as compared with the wt-LHbeta promoter. The altered promoter function of the V-LHbeta gene provides evidence for differences in regulation of the wt- and V-LHbeta genes, which may contribute to the differences observed in pituitary-gonadal function between carriers of the two LHbeta alleles. The findings also suggest a novel evolutionary mechanism whereby polymorphic changes resulting in altered bioactivity of a gene product may be compensated for by additional mutations in the cognate promoter sequence, changing transcription of the same gene.
Hum Mol Genet 1999 Oct
PMID:A common polymorphic allele of the human luteinizing hormone beta-subunit gene: additional mutations and differential function of the promoter sequence. 1048 73

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse biological properties including potent vasodilating activity. Recently, we reported the cloning of complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding the human and porcine CGRP receptors which share significant amino acid sequence homology with the human calcitonin receptor, a member of the recently described novel subfamily of G-protein-coupled 7TM receptors. Activation of this family of receptors has been shown to result in an increase in intracellular cAMP accumulation and calcium release. In this study, we demonstrate that HEK-293 cells expressing recombinant CGRP receptors (HEK-293HR or PR) respond to CGRP with increased intracellular calcium release (EC50 = 1.6 nM) in addition to the activation of adenylyl cyclase (EC50 = 1.4 nM). The effect of CGRP on adenylyl cyclase activation and calcium release was inhibited by CGRP (8-37), a CGRP receptor antagonist. Both effects were mediated by cholera toxin-sensitive G-proteins, but these two signal transduction pathways were independent of each other. While cholera toxin pretreatment of HEK-293PR cells resulted in permanent activation of adenylyl cyclase, the same pretreatment resulted in an inhibition of CGRP-mediated [Ca2+]i release. Pertussis toxin was without effect on CGRP-mediated responses. In addition, CGRP-mediated calcium release appears to be due to release from a thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular calcium pool. These results show that the recombinant human as well as porcine CGRP receptor can independently increase both cAMP production and intracellular calcium release when stably expressed in the HEK-293 cell line.
Mol Cell Biochem 1999 Jul
PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor independently stimulates 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and Ca2+ signaling pathways. 1048 37

Recombinant human A(2B) adenosine receptors (A(2B)ARs) and receptors extended on the amino terminus with hexahistidine and the FLAG epitope, DYKDDDDK (H/F-A(2B)) were stably overexpressed (to >20,000 fmol/mg protein) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK-A(2B)). By Western blotting, the H/F-A(2B) receptor runs as a 34.8-kDa glycoprotein. Pharmacological properties of A(2B)ARs were characterized with (125)I-3-aminobenzyl-8-phenyl-(4-oxyacetic acid)-1-propylxanthine (K(D), 36 nM). In competition binding assays, the affinity of agonists is reduced by substitution on either the N(6)- or the C-2 position of the adenine ring, whereas 5'-substitutions increase affinity, resulting in the potency order: 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) >> N(6)-aminobenzyl-NECA approximately 2-chloroadenosine > 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-NECA (CGS21680) > N(6)-aminobenzyladenosine. The A(2B)AR is potently blocked by the A(2A)-selective antagonist 4-(2-[7-amino-2-[2-furyl][1,2, 4]triazolo-[2,3-a][1,3,5] triazin-5-yl-amino]ethyl)phenol (ZM241385; K(I), 32 nM for A(2B), 1.4 nM for A(2A)) and the A(1) selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (K(I), 50.5 nM for A(2B); 2.5 nM for A(1)). The K(I) values for the antiasthmatic xanthines, theophylline (7.8 microM) and enprofylline (6.4 microM), are below their therapeutic plasma concentrations (20 to 50 microM), and agree with K(I) determinations for inhibition of NECA-stimulated cAMP accumulation in HEK-A(2B) cells. NECA or N(6)-(2-iodo)benzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidodoadenosine (IB-MECA) stimulate inositol trisphosphates and calcium accumulation in HEK-A(2B) or HEK-A(3) cells, respectively, but only the A(3) response is prevented by pertussis toxin. In human HMC-1 mast cells, A(2B)AR activation stimulates calcium mobilization and cAMP accumulation. We conclude that HEK-A(2B) cells and HMC-1 mast cells possess A(2B)AR glycoproteins that are coupled to both G(q/11) and G(s).
Mol Pharmacol 1999 Oct
PMID:Characterization of human A(2B) adenosine receptors: radioligand binding, western blotting, and coupling to G(q) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and HMC-1 mast cells. 1049 52

Experimental probing of the model of the muscarinic M2 receptor binding site proposed by Hibert et al. [Hibert, M.F., Trumpp-Kallmeyer, S., Bruinsvels, A., Hoflak, K., 1991. Three-dimensional models of neurotransmitter G-binding protein-coupled receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 8-15.] was achieved by mutating each amino-acid proposed to interact with muscarinic ligands. Pharmacological analysis of the different mutant receptors transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK/293) cells was performed with a variety of agonists and antagonists. D103A, Y403A and N404A mutations prevented binding of [3H] N-methylscopolamine and [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate with a reduction in affinity greater than 100-fold, indicating essential contributions of these residues to the binding site for the radioligands. W400A and W155A mutations had very large effects on the binding of [3H] N-methylscopolamine (150-fold, 960-fold) but modest effects on the binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate (4-fold, 17-fold). In addition, binding of oxotremorine-M, oxotremorine, arecoline and pilocarpine to W155A resulted in a greater than 100-fold decrease in affinity. Threonine mutations (T187A and T190A) alter binding of most agonists but not of antagonists. W99 makes little contribution (< 10-fold) to the binding site of the M2 receptor. D103, W155, W400, Y403 and N404 are likely to be part of the binding site for N-methylscopolamine and also to contribute to the binding site for quinuclidinyl benzilate. Some of the predicted residues do not seem to be part of the M2 receptor binding site but W155 is important for proper ligand binding on the muscarinic M2 receptor, as predicted by the proposed model.
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PMID:Site-directed mutagenesis of the putative human muscarinic M2 receptor binding site. 1051 78

Large-conductance calcium- and voltage- activated potassium (BK) channels play a fundamental role in the signaling pathways regulating mouse anterior pituitary corticotrope function. Here we describe the cloning and functional characterization of the components of mouse corticotrope BK channels. RT-PCR cloning and splice variant analysis of mouse AtT20 D16:16 corticotropes revealed robust expression of mslo transcripts encoding pore-forming alpha-subunits containing the mouse homolog of the 59-amino acid STREX-1 exon at splice site 2. RT-PCR and functional analysis, using the triterpenoid glycoside, DHS-1, revealed that native corticotrope BK channels are not functionally coupled to beta-subunits in vivo. Functional expression of the STREX-1 containing alpha-subunit in HEK 293 cells resulted in BK channels with calcium sensitivity, single-channel conductance, and inhibition by protein kinase A identical to that of native mouse corticotrope BK channels. This report represents the first corticotrope ion channel to be characterized at the molecular level and demonstrates that mouse corticotrope BK channels are composed of alpha-subunits expressing the mouse STREX-1 exon.
Mol Endocrinol 1999 Oct
PMID:Molecular components of large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in mouse pituitary corticotropes. 1051 74

We investigated the mechanisms by which calcitonin (CT) suppresses cellular proliferation, using HEK-293 cells stably transfected with either the rat C1a CT receptor (CTR) or the insert-negative form of the human CTR. CT treatment of clonal cell lines expressing either receptor type, but not untransfected HEK-293 cells, strongly suppressed cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in cell growth with CT treatment could not be attributed to cellular necrosis or apoptotic cell death, the latter assessed by both DNA fragmentation analysis and caspase 3 (CPP-32) assay. Growth inhibition was associated with an accumulation of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. CT treatment of the human and rat CTR-expressing cell lines resulted in a rapid and sustained induction of mRNA encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1/CIP1, increased levels of which were maintained at least 48 h after initiation of treatment. Western blot analysis showed a rapid corresponding increase in p21WAF1/CIP1 protein, whereas protein levels of another member of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor family, p27kip1, were unchanged. In parallel with the induction of p21, CT treatment reduced levels of p53 mRNA and protein. CT treatment resulted in a specific cell cycle block in G2, which was associated with inhibition of Cdc2/cyclin B kinase activity as measured by histone H1 phosphorylation. There was no evidence for p21 association with this complex despite the inhibition of Cdc2 activity. Evidence that p21 induction was causative of cell growth suppression was obtained from p21 antisense oligonucleotide experiments. Treatment with a p21 antisense oligonucleotide blocked induction of p21 expression and significantly reduced the CT-mediated growth inhibition. These observations suggest that p21 is required for the G2 arrest in response to CT, but argue against a direct role of p21 in the inhibition of Cdc2 activity. These studies suggest a novel regulation of cell cycle progression by CT and will provide a basis for detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms involved.
Mol Endocrinol 1999 Oct
PMID:Calcitonin receptor-mediated growth suppression of HEK-293 cells is accompanied by induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 and G2/M arrest. 1051 75

Integrin-mediated interactions of cells with components of the extracellular matrix regulate cell survival, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell migration. Some of these physiological responses are regulated via activation of transcription factors such as activator protein 1 (AP-1). Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an ankyrin repeat containing serine-threonine protein kinase whose activity is rapidly and transiently stimulated by cell-fibronectin interactions as well as by insulin stimulation. ILK activates protein kinase B and inhibits the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) activity in a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent manner. We now show that cell adhesion to fibronectin results in a rapid and transient stimulation of AP-1 activity. At the same time, the kinase activity of ILK is stimulated whereas that of GSK-3 is inhibited. This fibronectin-dependent activation of AP-1 activity is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner if the cells are transfected with wild-type GSK-3, and also by inhibitors of PI 3-kinase. Stable or transient overexpression of ILK results in a stimulation of AP-1 activity which is inhibited by cotransfection with wild-type GSK-3 and kinase-deficient ILK. Transient transfection of ILK in HEK-293 cells stimulates complex formation between an AP-1 consensus oligonucleotide and nuclear proteins containing c-jun. The formation of this complex is inhibited by cotransfection with active GSK-3 or kinase-deficient ILK, suggesting that ILK may regulate AP-1 activation by inhibiting GSK-3, which has previously been shown to be a negative regulator of AP-1. In the presence of serum, ILK has no effect on the phosphorylation of Ser-73 in the N-terminal transactivation domain of c-jun. These results demonstrate a novel signaling pathway for the adhesion-mediated stimulation of AP-1 transcriptional activity involving ILK and GSK-3 and the subsequent regulation of the c-jun-DNA interaction.
Mol Cell Biol 1999 Nov
PMID:Cell-extracellular matrix interactions stimulate the AP-1 transcription factor in an integrin-linked kinase- and glycogen synthase kinase 3-dependent manner. 1052 30

We have analyzed the role of N-linked glycosylation in functional cell surface expression of the D1 and D5 dopamine receptor subtypes. Treatment of transfected HEK 293 cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked oligosaccharide addition, was found to prevent localization of D5 receptors in the plasma membrane. In contrast, tunicamycin treatment had no effect on the plasma membrane localization of the D1 receptor. Polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis was used to generate a panel of D5 receptors containing mutations in the three predicted sites of N-linked glycosylation. Expression of mutant receptors indicated that glycosylation of residue N7 was the major determinant of D5 receptor plasma membrane localization. Mutation of a comparable site in the D1 receptor at position N5 had no effect on the delivery of the D1 receptor to the cell surface. Tunicamycin treatment during receptor biosynthesis, but not N-glycosidase F digestion of mature receptors, abrogated binding of the D5 receptor antagonist [(3)H]SCH23390, suggesting that while oligosaccharide moieties play a key role in the cell surface expression of D5 receptors, they do not appear to contribute to the receptor's ligand binding properties. Together, our data indicate a differential requirement for N-linked glycosylation in functional cell surface expression of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors.
Mol Pharmacol 1999 Nov
PMID:N-linked glycosylation is required for plasma membrane localization of D5, but not D1, dopamine receptors in transfected mammalian cells. 1053 15

Serum free-carnitine levels were determined in 973 unrelated white collar workers in Akita, Japan. Fourteen of these participants consistently had serum free-carnitine levels below the fifth percentile (28 microM for females and 38 microM for males). The OCTN2 (organic cation transporter) gene was sequenced for these 14 subjects, for 22 subjects whose carnitine levels were below the fifth percentile in the first screening but were normal in the second measurement and in 69 individuals with normal carnitine levels for two separate measurements. Polymorphic sequences defined three major haplotypes with equal frequency. Mutations were identified in nine subjects with low carnitine levels: Trp132X (three individuals), Ser467Cys (four), Trp283Cys (one) and Met179Leu (one). In vitro expression studies in HEK cells indicated that Ser467Cys and Trp283Cys, but not Met179Leu, significantly reduced L-carnitine uptake relative to the normal control. Trp132X and Ser467Cys were associated with specific haplotypes, suggesting a founder effect. A conservative estimate of the overall prevalence of heterozygotes was 1.01% in the Akita prefecture, Japan, giving an estimated incidence of primary systemic carnitine deficiency (MIM 212140) as 1 in 40 000 births. An echocardiographic study of the families of patients with primary carnitine deficiency revealed that the heterozygotes for OCTN2 mutations were predisposed to late onset benign cardiac hypertrophy (odds ratio 15.1, 95% CI 1.39-164) compared with the wild-types. Sequencing of DNA isolated from three deceased siblings (1.5-8 years) in two families retrospectively confirmed that all three deceased subjects were homozygous for the OCTN2 mutations.
Hum Mol Genet 1999 Nov
PMID:Genetic epidemiology of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene in a Japanese population and phenotypic characterization in Japanese pedigrees with primary systemic carnitine deficiency. 1054 5

Mel 1a melatonin receptors belong to the super-family of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein)-coupled receptors. So far, interest in Mel 1a receptor signaling has focused mainly on the modulation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway via pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G proteins. To further investigate signaling of the human Mel 1a receptor, we have developed an antibody directed against the C terminus of this receptor. This antibody detected the Mel 1a receptor as a protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 60 kDa in immunoblots after separation by SDS-PAGE. It also specifically precipitated the 2-[125I]iodomelatonin (125I-Mel)-labeled receptor from Mel 1a-transfected HEK 293 cells. Coprecipitation experiments showed that G(i2), G(i3), and G(q/11) proteins couple to the Mel 1a receptor in an agonist-dependent and guanine nucleotide-sensitive manner. Coupling was selective since other G proteins present in HEK 293 cells, (G(i1), G(o), G(s), G(z), and G12) were not detected in receptor complexes. Coupling of the Mel 1a receptor to G(i) and G(q) was confirmed by inhibition of high-affinity 125I-Mel binding to receptors with subtype-selective G protein alpha-subunit antibodies. G(i2) and/or G(i3) mediated adenylyl cyclase inhibition while G(q/11) induced a transient elevation in cytosolic calcium concentrations in HEK 293 cells stably expressing Mel 1a receptors. Melatonin-induced cytosolic calcium mobilization via PTX-insensitive G proteins was confirmed in primary cultures of ovine pars tuberalis cells endogenously expressing Mel 1a receptors. In conclusion, we report the development of the first antibody recognizing the cloned human Mel 1a melatonin receptor protein. We show that Mel 1a receptors functionally couple to both PTX-sensitive and PTX-insensitive G proteins. The previously unknown signaling of Mel 1a receptors through G(q/11) widens the spectrum of potential targets for melatonin.
Mol Endocrinol 1999 Dec
PMID:Dual signaling of human Mel1a melatonin receptors via G(i2), G(i3), and G(q/11) proteins. 1059 79


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