Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The regulation of the guinea-pig pancreatic acinar plasma membrane Ca2+ pump by protein kinase A, protein kinase C and calmodulin was investigated. The results were compared with the effects of these regulators on the high affinity Ca(2+)-ATPase found in this membrane preparation. The catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase stimulated Ca2+ transport 2-fold, but had no effect on Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity. Purified protein kinase C, the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and diacylglycerol derivative, 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol, failed to stimulate the Ca(2+)-uptake but augmented the Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity. Exogenously added calmodulin failed to stimulate either activity. In addition, two antagonists of calmodulin activity, trifluoperazine and compound 48/80 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of Ca(2+)-transport. These data suggest the presence of endogenous calmodulin within guinea-pig pancreatic acinar plasma membranes. Both calmodulin antagonists failed to influence the Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase activity. The ability of boiled extracts from guinea-pig pancreatic acinar plasma membranes to stimulate the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in calmodulin-depleted erythrocyte plasma membranes confirmed the presence of endogenous calmodulin. Our results imply a role for calmodulin and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not protein kinase C, in the regulation of Ca2+ efflux from pancreatic acinar cells. These results also provide further evidence suggesting that the high affinity Ca(2+)-ATPase does not catalyze the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-transport activity observed in pancreatic acini.
Mol Cell Biochem 1992 Jun 26
PMID:Regulation of calcium transport in pancreatic acinar plasma membranes from guinea pig. 132 90

The contractile protein myosin is thought to subserve motility-related functions in a wide range of eukaryotic non-muscle cells including both neurons and glia. To determine if the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is involved in the regulation of neural myosin we investigated the presence and localization of MLCK in a variety of neural tissues by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. A specific immunoreactive protein (M(r) = 146,000) was detected in blotted homogenates from many regions of rat brain and from primary cultures of either astrocytes or cerebellar granule cells grown in the absence of other cell types. At the light microscopic level, MLCK-immunoreactivity was evident in many regions of rat brain, as well as in the cultured astrocytes and cerebellar granule cells. MLCK-immunoreactivity was observed to be largely cytosolic in astrocytes but with a proportion associated with the cytoskeleton. In the cerebellar granule cells immunoreactivity was present in neuronal processes as well as somata. The detection of MLCK in neural cells suggests that MLCK-catalyzed myosin phosphorylation may couple changes in intracellular calcium concentrations to motility-related functions of neurons and glia.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Jun
PMID:Myosin light chain kinase is expressed in neurons and glia: immunoblotting and immunocytochemical studies. 132 15

Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) kinase has been isolated and characterized from rat brain. The enzyme has an apparent M(r) of approximately 42,000 and its pI is 4.9. MAP2 was the preferred substrate, but it also phosphorylated myelin basic protein (MBP), histone V-S, tubulin and the PC12 protein substrate pp250. The enzyme is distinct from protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases, as specific inhibitors of these kinases did not affect MAP2 phosphorylation. The addition of the relatively non-specific protein kinase inhibitor H7 (20 microM) had a modest inhibitory effect. The enzyme was active in both 5 mM Mn2+ and Mg2+, and displayed Kms for MAP2, MBP, and ATP of 56 nM, 254 nM, and 4 microM, respectively. This enzyme, which represents a low abundance protein in whole brain, is analogous to the MAP2 kinase observed in growth factor-stimulated cell lines.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Jun
PMID:Isolation and characterization of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) kinase from rat brain. 132 16

Protein phosphatase (PP2B) whose activity is stimulated 12-20-fold by Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) was partially purified by CaM-Sepharose and heparin-agarose chromatographies from cell extract of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PP2B activity was not detectable in a mutant in which two genes (CMP1 and CMP2) encoding homologs of mammalian PP2B catalytic subunit were disrupted. We have previously shown that the double gene disruption has no significant effect on the growth of yeast [1991, Mol. Gen. Genet. 227, 52-59]. The results indicated that CMP1 and CMP2 are the only genes that encode the PP2B catalytic polypeptide in S. cerevisiae, and PP2B activity is not essential for the growth of the yeast under normal conditions.
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PMID:Ca2+/calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase (PP2B) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PP2B activity is not essential for growth. 132 47

To probe for the involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the regulation of insulin secretion, the effects of a specific inhibitor of this enzyme, KN-62, on secretagogue-stimulated insulin secretion, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) rise, membrane depolarization, and nutrient metabolism were examined in HIT-T15 cells. KN-62 dose-dependently inhibited insulin secretion induced by a nutrient mixture (10 mM glucose, 5 mM leucine, and 5 mM glutamine) alone or combined with either the Ca(2+)-mobilizing receptor agonist bombesin or the cAMP-raising agent forskolin in intact cells. KN-62 did not affect Ca(2+)- or GTP analogue-induced insulin secretion from permeabilized cells, indicating an action at a step before exocytosis. The stimulating effects of nutrients on insulin secretion, [Ca2+]i, and membrane depolarization were potentiated by bombesin. Similarly, bombesin promoted a larger depolarization and [Ca2+]i rise in the presence of nutrients. This was associated with enhanced Ca2+ mobilization and the appearance of sustained [Ca2+]i elevation. The bombesin-induced membrane depolarization, like the nutrient effect, was inhibited by diazoxide, suggesting that this is due to closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Bombesin elicited Ca2+ influx by both membrane potential-sensitive and -insensitive conductance pathways. KN-62 did not affect Ca2+ mobilization and only partially reduced Ca2+ entry during the sustained [Ca2+]i rise in bombesin-stimulated cells. When added before or during the stimulation, KN-62 dose-dependently inhibited nutrient- and KCl-stimulated [Ca2+]i elevation and Mn2+ influx (reflecting Ca2+ entry). The calmodulin antagonist CGS 9343B and the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker SR-7037 mimicked the inhibitory effect of KN-62 on stimulated insulin secretion and [Ca2+]i elevation. Membrane depolarization and nutrient metabolism (reduction of a tetrazolium derivative), however, were not altered by KN-62 treatment, indicating that the early coupling events from nutrient metabolism to closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels remain operative. These results suggest that KN-62 and the calmodulin antagonist CGS 9343B inhibit Ca2+ influx by means of direct interaction with L-type Ca2+ channels, which, in turn, causes inhibition of stimulated insulin secretion. Thus, it appears that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is not involved in the regulation of insulin secretion.
Mol Pharmacol 1992 Sep
PMID:Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and insulin secretion in HIT cells by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor KN-62: comparison with antagonists of calmodulin and L-type Ca2+ channels. 132 47

In SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells, the muscarinic agonist carbachol promotes polyphosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis via M3 receptors and increases cyclic AMP levels through an unidentified mechanism. Activation of PPI hydrolysis by carbachol elicits a robust translocation of CaM from membranes into cytosol which was previously shown to be mimicked by the addition of the calcium ionophore ionomycin and the phorbol ester TPA28. The effect of agonist-stimulated second messenger production on CaM localization was determined by activating receptors that increase and decrease adenylyl cyclase activity on SK-N-SH cells. VIP (10 microM), prostaglandin E1 (30 microM) and forskolin (10 microM) all increased adenylyl cyclase activity 8- to 10-fold above the activity with 1 microM GTP. Carbachol (100 microM) did not stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. The alpha 2-adrenergic agonist UK 14,304 (0.1 microM) and the delta and mu opioid DPDPE (10 microM) and DAMGO (10 microM) inhibited forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP formation by 27-32%. CaM did not stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity. Incubation of cells with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin, resulted in 30% decrease in membrane CaM and an increase in cytosolic CaM of 40-50%. The CaM translocation with the combination of an agent that elevates cyclic AMP levels and a low dose of carbachol was not different from that observed with either agent alone. UK 14,304, DPDPE and DAMGO potentiated carbachol-stimulated increases in cytosolic CaM. Upon the addition of carbachol, a 5-fold increase in intracellular calcium concentration measured with fura-2 fluorescence was observed. VIP and UK 14,304 elevated intracellular calcium concentrations 2 to 3 fold, while forskolin (10 microM) had no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Jan
PMID:Cyclic AMP accumulation alters calmodulin localization in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. 134 31

In primary cultures of neurons from cerebral cortex and striatum, 30 s stimulation with the excitatory amino acid glutamate elicited a 5 to 9-fold increase in immediate early gene (IEG) mRNAs. Glutamate increased c-fos, c-jun, jun-B, and NGFI-A (zif/268) mRNAs by binding to both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor types, and increased c-fos, jun-B, and NGFI-A mRNAs by binding to the metabotropic receptor. NMDA receptor activation elicited IEG expression by a transmembrane calcium influx; AMPA receptor-induced depolarization played a permissive role for the opening of the NMDA receptor channel. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor H-7 (but not inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide-dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases) partially blocked IEG expression induced by glutamate.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Jan
PMID:Differential induction of immediate early genes by excitatory amino acid receptor types in primary cultures of cortical and striatal neurons. 134 32

Using a selective cloning approach we previously isolated a number of cDNAs of transcripts that are newly expressed during terminal differentiation of the chicken optic tectum. Here, we have characterized one of these cDNAs (OZ1) by Northern analysis and in situ hybridization. The OZ1 cDNA hybridizes to two transcripts of 1.6 kb and 2.9 kb which are widely expressed in the brain but not detectable in liver, heart or skeletal muscle. Cloning of overlapping cDNAs revealed that both transcripts encode the same open reading frame for a polypeptide of 191 amino acids. The deduced protein contains 4 EF-hand consensus motifs characteristic of calmodulin-like Ca(2+)-binding proteins. It displays 40% and 46% sequence identity with the retinal photoreceptor-specific Ca(2+)-binding proteins visinin and recoverin, respectively, and was termed VILIP (visinin-like protein). VILIP transcripts are also expressed in the retina. However, the expression pattern does not overlap with that of visinin or recoverin. The possible functional implications of the similarity to recoverin, which regulates guanylate cyclase activity of retinal rod cells in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, are discussed.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Sep
PMID:VILIP, a cognate protein of the retinal calcium binding proteins visinin and recoverin, is expressed in the developing chicken brain. 135 72

Messenger RNA encoding a protein kinase closely related to the catalytic subunit of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase has previously been isolated from a human HeLa cell cDNA library, and cross-species Northern hybridization analysis has shown that the rat homolog of this transcript is abundant in the adult testis (Hanks, S.K. (1989) Mol. Endocrinol. 3, 110-116). We now propose that the protein encoded by this transcript be designated as "PhK-gamma T." In this article, the primary structure of the rat homolog of PhK-gamma T is described, as deduced from nucleotide sequences of cDNA and genomic clones. RNase protection analysis reveals that PhK-gamma T transcripts are actually present in a wide variety of adult rat tissues, but at levels 20-100-fold less than what is observed in the testis. In the testis, transcription of the PhK-gamma T gene is initiated at multiple sites as shown by RNase protection and primer extension. Enzymatic activity of PhK-gamma T was demonstrated using renatured bacterially expressed protein. In the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin, PhK-gamma T is able to efficiently phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase and convert it from an inactive to an active form. We conclude that PhK-gamma T represents a true isoform of phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and enzymatic analysis of the rat homolog of "PhK-gamma T," an isoform of phosphorylase kinase catalytic subunit. 137 Apr 75

In nitrinergic signal transduction, nitrogen oxide (NO) synthases (NOS) (EC 1.14.23) catalyze the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline and NO, which in turn activates soluble guanylyl cyclase. Macrophages were reported to contain a single isoform of NOS (type II, soluble, Ca(2+)-independent, 130-kDa) and only upon activation of the cells by interferon-gamma (INF) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). By a mechanism involving L-type Ca2+ channels, calmodulin, and serine proteases, INF/LPS also induce a cytotoxic activation of macrophages. In RAW264.7 macrophages, NO release was detected upon activation of the cells by INF/LPS but also, although at a 20-fold lower level, in control cells. The latter constitutive NOS activity and NO release were Ca2+ dependent and were decreased in INF/LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells or with increasing passage number. RAW264.7 cells did not express soluble guanylyl cyclase, suggesting other target molecules for NO. In INF/LPS-activated cells, NOS activities and NO release were Ca2+ independent (type II) and coinduced with NADPH-diaphorase activities both in the soluble and in the particulate fractions. The NOS-II activities corresponded to a 130-kDa protein, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which was not recognized in a protein immunoblot with anti-NOS-I antibody. The serine protease inhibitor tosyl-lysyl chloromethyl ketone abolished the induction of NOS-II by INF/LPS, by depleting intracellular thiol pools and interfering with protein synthesis. Induction of NOS-II by INF/LPS was transcriptionally based and, for maximal enzyme activity, required increased intracellular tetrahydrobiopterin levels, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, and activation of non-L-type Ca2+ channels but, unlike the induction of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity, neither L-type-Ca2+ channels nor calmodulin.
Mol Pharmacol 1992 Apr
PMID:Regulation and subcellular location of nitrogen oxide synthases in RAW264.7 macrophages. 137 97


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