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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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The basic carboxy terminus of p53 plays an important role in directing the protein into the nuclear compartment. The C terminus of the p53 molecule contains a cluster of several nuclear localization signals (NLSs) that mediate the migration of the protein into the cell nucleus. NLSI, the most active domain, is highly conserved in genetically diverged species and shares perfect homology with consensus NLS sequences found in other nuclear proteins. The other two NLSs, II and III, appear to be less effective and less conserved. Although nuclear localization is dictated primarily by the NLSs inherent in the primary amino acid sequence, the actual nuclear homing can be modified by interactions with other proteins expressed in the cell. Comparison between wild-type p53 and naturally occurring mutant p53 showed that both protein categories could migrate into the nucleus of rat primary embryonic fibroblasts by essentially similar mechanisms. Nuclear localization of both proteins was totally dependent on the existence of functional NLS domains. In COS cells, however, we found that NLS-deprived wild-type p53 molecules could migrate into the nucleus by complexing with another nuclear protein, simian virus 40 large-T antigen. Wild-type and mutant p53 proteins differentially complexed with viral or cellular proteins, which may significantly affect the ultimate compartmentalization of p53 in the cell; this finding suggests that the actual subcellular compartmentalization of proteins may differ in various cell type milieux and may largely be affected by the ability of these proteins to complex with other proteins expressed in the cell. Experiments designed to test the physiological significance of p53 subcellular localization indicated that nuclear localization of mutant p53 is essential for this protein to enhance the process of malignant transformation of partially transformed cells, suggesting that p53 functions within the cell nucleus.
Mol Cell Biol 1990 Dec
PMID:Nuclear accumulation of p53 protein is mediated by several nuclear localization signals and plays a role in tumorigenesis. 224 74

The p53 gene is a suppressor of abnormal cell growth but is also subject to oncogenic activation by mutation. The mutant allele p53-Val135, has recently been discovered to be temperature-sensitive and functions as an oncogene at 37 degrees C and as a tumor suppressor at 32.5 degrees C. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the temperature sensitivity of p53-Val135 rabbit reticulocyte lysate was used to translate the p53 mRNAs in vitro at 37 degrees C and at 30 degrees C. The immunoreactivity and T antigen binding of wild-type protein p53-Ala135 were unaffected by temperature and were similar to wild-type p53 expressed in vivo. In contrast, the mutant p53-Val135 protein was markedly affected by temperature. At 37 degrees C p53-Val135 showed reduced T antigen binding and did not react with monoclonal antibodies PAb246 and PAb1620. At 30 degrees C, p53-Val135 behaved as the wild-type p53. Temperature also exerted a post-translational effect on p53-Val135 with complete conversion from wild-type to mutant phenotype within two minutes of temperature shift from 30 degrees C to 37 degrees C. There was incomplete conversion from mutant to wild-type phenotype when the temperature was shifted down from 37 degrees C to 30 degrees C. We propose that the temperature dependent forms of p53-Val135 represent conformational variants of the p53 protein with opposing functions in cell growth control.
J Mol Biol 1990 Dec 05
PMID:Temperature-dependent switching between "wild-type" and "mutant" forms of p53-Val135. 225 22

We have studied a panel of 10 genes and cDNA sequences that are expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner in different types of cells from different species and that are inducible by different mitogens. These include five sequences (c-myc, 4F1, 2F1, 2A9, and KC-1) that are preferentially expressed in the early part of the G1 phase, three genes (ornithine decarboxylase, p53, and c-rasHa) preferentially expressed in middle or late G1, and two genes (thymidine kinase and histone H3) preferentially expressed in the S phase of the cell cycle. We have studied the expression of these genes in nonpermissive (tsAF8) and semipermissive (Swiss 3T3) cells infected with adenovirus type 2. Under the conditions of these experiments, adenovirus type 2 infection stimulates cellular DNA synthesis in both tsAF8 and 3T3 cells. However, four of the five early G1 genes (c-myc, 4F1, KC-1, and 2A9) and one of the late G1 genes (c-ras) are not induced by adenovirus infection, although they are strongly induced by serum. The other sequences (2F1, ornithine decarboxylase, p53, thymidine kinase, and histone H3) are activated by both adenovirus and serum. We conclude that the cell cycle-dependent genes activated by adenovirus 2 are a subset of the cell cycle-dependent genes activated by serum. The data suggest that the mechanisms by which serum and adenovirus induce cellular DNA synthesis are not identical.
Mol Cell Biol 1985 Nov
PMID:Adenovirus type 2 activates cell cycle-dependent genes that are a subset of those activated by serum. 242 24

p53 anti-sense sequences were introduced into normal NIH3T3 and transformed CMS 4 cells by infection with the recombinant retrovirus carrying a repeat of the 5'-terminal fragment of p53 cDNA. Clones selected for G418 resistance showed a marked inhibition of proliferative capacity and a reduced ability to enter DNA replication after stimulation of quiescent cells with serum. Clones showing moderate inhibition of proliferation were shown to contain truncated anti-sense DNA integrated into the genome. The anti-sense DNA was transcribed and it correlated with the reduction of the p53 protein level in the cell clones studied. We conclude that the appropriate expression of p53 appears to be required for cell proliferation.
Mol Biol (Mosk)
PMID:[Antisense RNA p53 inhibits proliferation of normal and transformed cells]. 246 39

The p117 keratinocyte cell line was derived in culture from chemically induced mouse papillomas. The benignly transformed nature of these cells was demonstrated by their ability to re-form benign papillomas when grafted back onto the animal. Retroviral vectors were used to introduce into the p117 cells three distinct oncogenes: v-Ha-ras, p53, and neu. All three oncogenes were able to induce tumorigenic conversion of the p117 keratinocytes when assayed by subcutaneous injection into nude mice. However, grafting the oncogene-transformed cells onto the back of the mouse revealed important differences in the ability of the three oncogenes to induce a fully malignant phenotype. While the ras-transformed papilloma cells formed aggressive carcinomas, p53 and neu transformation yielded an intermediate phenotype, with formation of large exophytic tumors, not yet invasive but with highly dysplastic features remarkably similar to those of in situ carcinomas. These findings establish a homologous, genetically modifiable cell system in which various stages of malignant transformation can be directly compared.
Mol Carcinog 1988
PMID:Malignant progression of papilloma-derived keratinocytes: differential effects of the ras, neu, and p53 oncogenes. 247 36

Injection of sublethal doses of cycloheximide (CHI) to rats allowed to reveal three stages in the dynamics of protein synthesis: 1) suppression stage (0-6 hrs), 2) regeneration stage (6-12 hrs), 3) stimulation stage (6-12 hrs). RNA-polymerases are activated when protein synthesis is inhibited. The stimulation stage precedes the activation of DNA replication. This model of DNA replication induced by CHI is specified by the expression of various cell oncogenes (c-fos, c-mys, p53, c-Ha-ras, c-sis, c-src). The investigated oncogenes may be divided into 4 groups according to the character of their expression. 1. Oncogenes (c-fos, c-myc) are switched on step-by-step 1 hour after CHI injection, the superexpression of the oncogenes being comparatively short. Maximum expression of c-fos and c-myc oncogenes is registered after 2-3 hours, respectively. 2./p53 oncogene expression increases within a few hours' after CHI injection and manifests itself at all three stages of protein synthesis till DNA replication. 3. c-Ha-ras oncogene is expressed at a high level in control and experimental animals. 4. Expression of c-sis and c-src oncogenes are absent both before and after CHI injection. Sublethal doses of CHI have the same effect on oncogene expression as the lethal ones.
Mol Biol (Mosk)
PMID:[Expression of oncogenes in the rat liver under conditions of template biosynthesis uncoupling by sublethal doses of cycloheximide]. 247 62

We have investigated the role of the p53 gene in oncogenesis in vivo by generating transgenic mice carrying murine p53 genomic fragments isolated from a mouse Friend erythroleukemia cell line or BALB/c mouse liver DNA. Elevated levels of p53 mRNA were detected in several tissues of two transgenic lines tested. Increased levels of p53 protein were also detected in most of the tissues analyzed by Western blotting (immunoblotting). Because both transgenes encoded p53 proteins that were antigenically distinct from wild-type p53, it was possible to demonstrate that overexpression of the p53 protein was mostly, if not entirely, due to the expression of the transgenes. Neoplasms developed in 20% of the transgenic mice, with a high incidence of lung adenocarcinomas, osteosarcomas, and lymphomas. Tissues such as ovaries that expressed the transgene at high levels were not at higher risk of malignant transformation than tissues expressing p53 protein at much lower levels. The long latent period and low penetrance suggest that overexpression of p53 alone is not sufficient to induce malignancies and that additional events are required. These observations provide direct evidence that mutant alleles of the p53 oncogene have oncogenic potential in vivo and that different cell types show intrinsic differences in susceptibility to malignant transformation by p53. Since recent data suggest that p53 may be a recessive oncogene, it is possible that the elevated tumor incidence results from functional inactivation of endogenous p53 by overexpression of the mutant transgene. The high incidence of lung and bone tumors suggests that p53 transgenic mice may provide a useful model to investigate the molecular events that underlie these malignancies in humans.
Mol Cell Biol 1989 Sep
PMID:High incidence of lung, bone, and lymphoid tumors in transgenic mice overexpressing mutant alleles of the p53 oncogene. 247 68

Five tumor-derived cell lines established from transformed rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were examined for activated oncogenes using the NIH 3T3 assay, and the expression of 11 cellular oncogenes in the transformed cells was quantitated and compared with expression in normal RTE cells. DNA from the tumor-derived cell lines lacked transforming activity, but expression of several oncogenes (fos, abl, Ki-ras, Ha-ras, and p53) was higher in the transformed cells than in normal RTE cells.
Mol Carcinog 1989
PMID:Cellular oncogene expression in cell lines derived from tumors produced by transformed rat tracheal epithelial cells. 215 55

The detailed analysis of mRNA structure coding for p53 protein from the intact and KonA stimulated lymphocytes from mouse spleen has shown both matrices to be identical. mRNAs have been analyzed by S1 mapping. Both mRNAs directed in vitro the synthesis of p53 protein reacting with monoclonal antibodies PAb421 and PAb248 both of which are specific for one of p53 forms synthesized by lymphocytes in vivo. Thus, the phenomenon of epitopes exclusion on p53 surface from intact or activated B-lymphocytes might be explained by peculiarities of posttranslational step of protein synthesis.
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1989 Aug
PMID:[Two immunologically differing forms of p53 oncoprotein from B-lymphocytes of mice are coded with identical mRNA]. 247 80

Single stranded RNA is non-enzymatically hydrolysed in aqueous solutions at neutral pH at elevated temperatures. This hydrolysis causes practical problems in different hybridization procedures. Synthetic cRNA transcribed from the human p53 oncogene was found to be partially destroyed after 6 hours and completely destroyed after overnight incubation at 60 degrees C. At lower temperatures the cRNA was preserved intact in spite of overnight incubation, but at higher temperatures (80 degrees C) the degradation occurred in less than 2 hours. The effect of the hydrolysis on hybridization results was studied by measuring in solution the hybridization kinetics of the cRNAs of another human oncogene, N-myc. It is obvious that conditions generally used for DNA hybridizations cannot be utilized for RNA in quantitative studies.
Mol Cell Probes 1989 Dec
PMID:Hydrolysis of single-stranded RNA in aqueous solutions--effect on quantitative hybridizations. 248 38


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