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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tubulin is one of the most widespread classes of multiprotein families and is well known to construct microtubules with two different subunits, alpha- and beta-tubulin. In the course of genome analysis of Bombyx mori, we have constructed an EST database by large-scale sequencing of clones that were randomly selected from cDNA libraries of various tissues and organs belonging to different developmental stages. Using this EST database, we have identified four types of beta-tubulin gene and three types of alpha-tubulin gene. Based on the analysis of deduced amino acid sequences, we have determined the phylogenetic relationships of tubulins between Bombyx and Drosophila melanogaster as well as two other moth species, suggesting that each tubulin is classified into at least three distinct subfamilies: a ubiquitously expressed one, a developmentally regulated one and a testis specific one.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003 Jan
PMID:Analysis of alpha- and beta-tubulin genes of Bombyx mori using an EST database. 1245 8

The aim of this study was to identify candidate genes for visceral obesity by screening for genes strongly differentially expressed between human subcutaneous and visceral adipose depots. A cDNA microarray with human adipose-derived cDNAs was used as an initial screening to identify genes that are potentially differentially expressed between human subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat tissues. For the two best candidates, carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) (EST N72406), real-time RT-PCR was performed to confirm their depot specific expression in extremely obese individuals. Both genes appeared to be strongly differentially expressed, having a higher expression in the visceral depot than in the subcutaneous one. For THBS1, the difference in expression between the depots was greater in women than in men. The involvement of CPE and THBS1 in obesity allows us to suggest that the physiological processes controlled by these genes contribute to depot and gender-related differences in the metabolic complications of obesity.
Cell Mol Life Sci 2002 Nov
PMID:Carboxypeptidase E and thrombospondin-1 are differently expressed in subcutaneous and visceral fat of obese subjects. 1253 May 26

Spider dragline silk is renowned as one of the toughest materials of its kind. In nature, spider silks are spun out of aqueous solutions under environmental conditions. This is in contrast to production of most synthetic fibres, where hazardous solvents, high temperatures and pressure are used. In order to identify some of the chemical processes involved in spider silk spinning, we have produced a collection of cDNA sequences from specific regions of Nephila senegalensis major ampullate gland. We examined in detail the sequence and expression of a putative Nephila senegalensis peroxidase gene (NsPox) from our EST collection. NsPox encodes a protein with similarity to Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti peroxidases. Northern analysis and in situ localisation experiments revealed that NsPox is expressed in major and minor ampullate glands of the spider where the main components of the dragline silk are produced. We suggest that NsPox plays a role in dragline silk fibre formation and/or processing.
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003 Feb
PMID:From EST sequence to spider silk spinning: identification and molecular characterisation of Nephila senegalensis major ampullate gland peroxidase NsPox. 1253 81

In mammals, identical calmodulin (CaM) proteins are encoded by three nonallelic genes that differ in their promoter regions and untranslated regions (UTRs). The UTRs of each of these three genes are specific for each gene and are highly conserved. In this study, sequences obtained from the GenBank and EST databases and sequencing were examined for several species of fish to ascertain whether this multi-gene one protein system exhibited in mammals extends to other vertebrates. Three genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) designated alpha, beta, and gamma were identified. As in mammals, these genes differ in the 3'-UTR region but encode completely identical CaMs. PCR primers spanning the coding and the 3'-UTR regions were designed based on the assembled sequences and used to confirm the presence of each gene in the cDNA library. Other species of fish were also found to contain homologous genes that were closely related as indicated by phylogenetic analysis. The 3'-UTR of the alpha, beta and particularly the gamma CaM gene of fish were not found to be as conserved as the corresponding genes of mammalian species possibly due to the span of evolutionary time. Only a few short elements in the 3'-UTR were observed to be similar in fish and mammals. These short regions of identity are shared primarily between the mammalian CaM II and CaM I and the alpha gene and beta gene of fish, respectively. Thus, the multi-gene one protein system occurs among fish as well as among mammals.
Mol Biol Rep 2002 Dec
PMID:Multiple calmodulin genes in fish. 1254 24

Opaque2 (O2) is a bZIP transcriptional regulatory factor involved in the control of seed storage proteins synthesis as well as carbon and nitrogen metabolism during maize seed development. Phylogenetic analysis of a possible complete and nonredundant collection of angiosperm bZIP factors resulted in the identification of 20 angiosperm O2-homologues that defined what we call the O2 gene family. Members of the family share a highly conserved bZIP DNA binding domain and several other motifs which define important functional features. The O2 family was enriched by the identification of 25 new putative angiosperm O2 homologous genes in EST databases and in the rice genome. Based on parsimony analysis, the collection of O2 homologues was organized into one eudicot-monocot and three monocot groups of orthologous genes and two groups of eudicot genes. These results support a model of the evolution of the O2 family that involves two O2 homologous gene duplications before the separation of monocots and eudicots. Further expansion of O2 homologues resulted in at least three and one gene duplications in the monocot and eudicot lineages, respectively. O2 appears to have been the result of a monocot-specific gene duplication event, and the possibility that O2 represents a functional specialization restricted to monocots is suggested.
J Mol Evol 2003 Jan
PMID:Evolutionary pattern of angiosperm bZIP factors homologous to the maize Opaque2 regulatory protein. 1256 27

Oxidative stress (OS) is a primary pathogenic mechanism of nigral dopaminergic (DA) cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative damage, Lewy body formation and decreased mitochondrial complex I activity are the consistent pathological findings in PD. In nigral DA neurons, however, it is unknown whether any gene expressional changes induced by OS contribute to the typical PD pathology. Here, using microarray analysis, we identified several groups of genes in the nigral DA cell line, SN4741 [J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 10; J. Neurochem. 76 (2001) 1010], that were regulated by OS. Approximately 36 significantly regulated genes that encode functional molecules of nuclear subunits of mitochondrial complex I, exocytosis and membrane trafficking proteins, markers for OS and oxidoreductases, regulatory molecules of apoptosis and unidentified EST clones were further analysed. OS modulated the expression of specific genes, of which physiological dysfunctions have been implicated in PD. For instance, the expression of the nuclear-encoded subunits of mitochondrial complex I, B8 and B17, were significantly down-regulated by OS, possibly contributing to selective defect in mitochondrial complex I activity in PD. Furthermore, syntaxin 8 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) are most dramatically up-regulated by OS in DA cells. Syntaxin 8 is a SNARE protein, regulating lipid vesicle docking and fusion as well as early endosome membrane recycling. Lipid membranes are significantly oxidative-damaged in PD. HO-1 is an important cytoplasmic constituent of Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. Thus, our findings provide novel molecular probes that may be useful in unraveling the molecular mechanism(s) of OS-induced pathogenesis in PD. Further functional characterization of the affected genes including ESTs can help elucidate the underlying molecular pathology as well as develop biomarkers for monitoring degenerating DA neurons in PD.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003 Jan 31
PMID:Oxidative stress regulated genes in nigral dopaminergic neuronal cells: correlation with the known pathology in Parkinson's disease. 1257 35

Most chloroplastic proteins are nuclear-encoded and must be transported into the organelle post-translationally. Proteinaceous components in the outer and inner envelope membranes of chloroplasts responsible for this import process were originally identified from pea seedlings. We sought to determine whether these proteins are conserved among different plant species other than pea and among different plastid types. We analyzed plant EST databases and found the presence of homologues to pea chloroplastic protein translocation components, Tic110 and Toc75, in both monocot and dicot species. Because these clones were obtained from various tissues, their presence in different types of plastids is proposed. Protein extracts were prepared from several plant species and from different plant tissues, and then probed with antisera raised against pea Tic110 and Toc75. The results support the idea that translocation components originally found in pea chloroplasts are conserved among different plant species and are present in various plastid types.
Plant Mol Biol 2003 Jan
PMID:Two chloroplastic protein translocation components, Tic110 and Toc75, are conserved in different plastid types from multiple plant species. 1260 76

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands suppress 17beta-estradiol (E)-induced responses in the rodent uterus and mammary tumors and in human breast cancer cells. Treatment of ZR-75, T47D, and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with TCDD induces proteasome-dependent degradation of endogenous estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). The proteasome inhibitors MG132, PSI, and PSII inhibit the proteasome-dependent effects induced by TCDD, whereas the protease inhibitors EST, calpain inhibitor II, and chloroquine do not affect this response. ERalpha levels in the mouse uterus and breast cancer cells were significantly lower after cotreatment with E plus TCDD than after treatment with E or TCDD alone, and our results indicate that AhR-mediated inhibition of E-induced transactivation is mainly due to limiting levels of ERalpha in cells cotreated with E plus TCDD. TCDD alone or in combination with E increases formation of ubiquitinated forms of ERalpha, and both coimmunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assays demonstrate that TCDD induces interaction of the AhR with ERalpha in the presence or absence of E. In contrast, E does not induce AhR-ERalpha interactions. Thus, inhibitory AhR-ERalpha cross talk is linked to a novel pathway for degradation of ERalpha in which TCDD initially induces formation of a nuclear AhR complex which coordinately recruits ERalpha and the proteasome complex, resulting in degradation of both receptors.
Mol Cell Biol 2003 Mar
PMID:The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates degradation of estrogen receptor alpha through activation of proteasomes. 1261 60

The internal defense mechanism of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata during a schistosome infection is activated and mediated via the immune effector cells known as hemocytes. Since resistance and susceptibility to schistosome infection is known to be genetically determined, our interest was to use the EST approach as a gene discovery tool to examine transcription profiles in hemocytes of resistant snails pre- and post-exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. Comparative analysis of the transcripts suggested that parasite exposure caused an active metabolic response in the hemocytes. The most abundant transcripts were those showing 23-74% similarity to known reverse transcriptases (RT). Further characterization by RT-PCR indicated the RT transcripts were expressed in normal snails, parasite exposed snails, and the embryonic cell line Bge. To determine whether the occurrence of RT transcripts correlates to the presence of functional enzyme activity in the snails, RT assays were performed from both resistant and susceptible snails, pre- and post-exposure to miracidia, using protein extracts from the head-foot and posterior region tissues. Results indicated that in the resistant snail, RT activity was greater in the posterior region than in the head-foot. After exposure, however, RT activity increased dramatically in the head-foot, with peak activity at 24 h post-exposure. The detection of RT activity in B. glabrata was unexpected and the role of this enzyme in the hemocyte-mediated killing of parasites is not yet known. However, identification of this and other transcripts from these cells by the EST approach provides a useful resource towards elucidating the molecular basis of resistance/susceptibility in this snail-host parasite relationship.
Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003 Feb
PMID:Comparative gene analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes pre- and post-exposure to miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni. 1261 17

The early stages of head and neck cancer are presumed to require a senes of genetic alterations that are not represented by a distinct clinical phenotype. Therefore, genes with altered expression in the preneoplasia may be useful for the early detection of this highly recurrent cancer. In this study, we immortalized normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) by retroviral-mediated infection of HPV 16 transforming oncogenes, E6 and E7 (HOK16E6E7). Using the Affymetrix gene chip (U95Av2), we identified 177 known genes and EST that were overexpressed at least 3-fold or above in the immortalized cells, while 133 were down-regulated compared to NHOK. Northern blot analysis showed elevated levels of p55CDC in the immortalized cells, while NHOK showed high basal expression of small proline rich protein (SPRR2). The altered expression of these genes maybe associated with cellular proliferation or differentiation and the early stages of oral carcinogenesis.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2002
PMID:Identification of genes required for immortalization in human papillomavirus-infected human oral keratinocytes. 1264 51


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