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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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Transcripts from many mitochondrial genes in kinetoplastids are heterogeneous in size, often occurring as 2 distinct size classes, but this cannot be accounted for by RNA editing alone. Analyses of transcripts from 6 mitochondrial genes of Trypanosoma brucei indicates that the size variation is due to poly(A) tail length. A larger fraction of CYb, COI and COII transcripts have longer poly(A) tails in procyclic than in bloodstream forms. These transcripts are also more abundant in the procyclic forms. In contrast, a more substantial fraction of CR1 transcripts have longer poly(A) tails in bloodstream than in procyclic forms and these transcripts tend to be more abundant in bloodstream forms. Both ND4 and MURF1 transcripts show a similar size distribution of poly(A) tail lengths in these life cycle states although both transcripts are more abundant in bloodstream forms. Furthermore, genes with edited transcripts tend to have longer poly(A) tails than unedited transcripts. Transcript abundance is not strictly correlated with longer poly(A) tails. Thus, poly(A) length variation appears to be developmentally regulated in a transcript-specific fashion in T. brucei. This regulation of polyadenylation may influence mitochondrial gene expression as polyadenylation can regulate cytoplasmic gene expression in eukaryotes.
Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992 Jun
PMID:Transcript-specific developmental regulation of polyadenylation in Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria. 135 74

We have cloned and sequenced over 9 kb of the mitochondrial genome from the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Within a continuous 8.0-kb fragment are located the genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2, 3, and 4L (ND1, ND2, ND3, and ND4L), cytochrome oxidase subunits I, II, and III (COI, COII, and COIII), and adenosine triphosphatase subunits 6 and 8 (ATPase 6 and ATPase 8). This large fragment also contains a cluster of 13 tRNA genes between ND1 and COI as well as the genes for isoleucine tRNA between ND1 and ND2, arginine tRNA between COI and ND4L, lysine tRNA between COII and ATPase 8, and the serine (UCN) tRNA between COIII and ND3. The genes for the other five tRNAs lie outside this fragment. The gene for phenylalanine tRNA is located between cytochrome b and the 12S ribosomal genes. The genes for tRNA(glu) and tRNA(thr) are 3' to 12S ribosomal gene. The tRNAs for histidine and serine (AGN) are adjacent to each other and lie between ND4 and ND5. These data confirm the novel gene order in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of sea stars and delineate additional distinctions between the sea star and other mtDNA molecules.
J Mol Evol 1990 Sep
PMID:Nucleotide sequence of nine protein-coding genes and 22 tRNAs in the mitochondrial DNA of the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. 197 16

Differences in assignments from those in the universal genetic code occur in codes of mitochondria. In this report, the published sequences of the mitochondrial genes for COI and ND1 in a platyhelminth (Fasciola hepatica) are examined and it is concluded that AAA may be a codon for asparagine instead of lysine, whereas AAG is the sole codon for lysine in this species.
J Mol Evol 1990 Apr
PMID:Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. IV. AAA as an asparagine codon in some animal mitochondria. 211 47

To study the rate and pattern of nucleotide substitution in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we cloned and sequenced a 975-bp segment of mtDNA from Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. mauritiana containing the genes for three transfer RNAs and parts of two protein-coding genes, ND2 and COI. Statistical analysis of synonymous substitutions revealed a predominance of transitions over transversions among the three species, a finding differing from previous results obtained from a comparison of D. melanogaster and D. yakuba. The number of transitions observed was nearly the same for each species comparison, including D. yakuba, despite the differences in divergence times. However, transversions seemed to increase steadily with increasing divergence time. By contrast, nonsynonymous substitutions in the ND2 gene showed a predominance of transversions over transitions. Most transversions were between A and T and seemed to be due to some kind of mutational bias to which the A + T-rich mtDNA of Drosophila species may be subject. The overall rate of nucleotide substitution in Drosophila mtDNA appears to be slightly faster (approximately 1.4 times) than that of the Adh gene. This contrasts with the result obtained for mammals, in which the mtDNA evolves approximately 10 times faster than single-copy nuclear DNA. We have also shown that the start codon of the COI gene is GTGA in D. simulans and GTAA in D. mauritiana. These codons are different from that of D. melanogaster (ATAA).
Mol Biol Evol 1987 Nov
PMID:Analysis of nucleotide substitutions of mitochondrial DNAs in Drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species. 283 97

The sequence of the 16,019 nucleotide-pair mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of Drosophila yakuba is presented. This molecule contains the genes for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, six identified proteins [cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II, and III (COI-III), and ATPase subunits 6 and 8] and seven presumptive proteins (URF1-6 and URF4L). Replication originates within a region of 1077 nucleotides that is 92.8% A + T and lacks any open reading frame larger than 123 nucleotides. An equivalent to the sequence found in all mammalian mtCDNAs that is associated with initiation of second-strand DNA synthesis is not present in D. yakuba mtDNA. Introns are absent from D. yakuba mitochondrial genes and there are few (0-31) intergenic nucleotides. The genes found in D. yakuba and mammalian mtDNAs are the same, but there are differences in their arrangement and in the relative proportions of the complementary strands of the molecule that serve as templates for transcription. Although the D. yakuba small and large mitochondrial rRNA genes are exceptionally low in G and C and are shorter than any other metazoan rRNA genes reported, they can be folded into secondary structures remarkably similar to the secondary structures proposed for mammalian mitochondrial rRNAs. D. yakuba mitochondrial tRNA genes, like their mammalian counterparts, are more variable in sequence than nonorganelle tRNAs. In mitochondrial protein genes ATG, ATT, ATA, and in one case (COI) ATAA appear to be used as translation initiation codons. The only termination codon found in these genes is TAA. In the D. yakuba mitochondrial genetic code, AGA, ATA, and TGA specify serine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, respectively. Fifty-nine types of sense condon are used in the D. yakuba mitochondrial protein genes, but 93.8% of all codons end in A or T. Codon-anticodon interactions may include both G-A and C-A pairing in the wobble position. Evidence is summarized that supports the hypothesis that A and T nucleotides are favored at all locations in the D. yakuba mtDNA molecule where these nucleotides are compatible with function.
J Mol Evol 1985
PMID:The mitochondrial DNA molecular of Drosophila yakuba: nucleotide sequence, gene organization, and genetic code. 300 25

This paper presents the phylogenetic infrastructure for an integrated historical and experimental study of host use evolution in the chrysomelid leaf beetle genus Ophraella. We report the collection of sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA (446 bp) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (420 bp) mitochondrial genes from 12 species of Ophraella and two outgroups. Sequence analysis revealed a strong A + T nucleotide bias, high interspecific COI sequence divergences (up to 21.4%) that greatly exceeded those for 16S (up to 5.9%), high intraspecific COI divergences (up to 3.8%), a dearth of amino acid substitutions in COI, and differing substitution patterns in ribosomal stems and loops. Intraspecific variation in COI haplotypes generally supported the genealogical coherence of Ophraella lineages, while suggesting two cases of paraphyletic species. Separate phylogenetic analyses of 16S and COI data sets yielded largely congruent trees. A combined 16S + COI analysis yielded a single shortest tree under maximum parsimony that was identical to trees provided by successive approximations, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood methods. This topology proved robust to various forms of weighting and most nodes were highly supported (by bootstrap analysis). Separate parsimony analyses of mtDNA and previously collected morphological and electromorphic data sets revealed congruent estimates of all cladistic relationships except those within one clade. Analysis of the pooled data sets in a combined approach additionally provided support for the basal placement of two species from this clade, although the topology for the remaining species was weakly supported and incongruent with the mtDNA tree. Each data set contained significantly structured phylogenetic signal with respect to this clade, and data sets exhibited limited conflict (character incongruence) with each other. The combined data set, however, was found to lack phylogenetic signal. These observations may imply that pooling heterogeneously evolving classes of data obscured the phylogenetic signal in each, a potential limitation of the combined approach.
Mol Biol Evol 1995 Jul
PMID:Mitochondrial DNA sequences and multiple data sets: a phylogenetic study of phytophagous beetles (Chrysomelidae: Ophraella). 765 18

Members of the genus Schistosoma are generally grouped on the basis of egg morphology, intermediate host specificity, and geographic origin. We have tested hypotheses based on these groupings by phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal (ITS2) and mitochondrial (COI) nucleotide sequences. Both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data strongly support "traditional" hypotheses that (a) members of the Schistosoma haematobium group form a monophyletic clade, (b) members of the S. mansoni group form a monophyletic clade, (c) S. japonicum and S. mekongi form a monophyletic group relative to other schistosomes, and (d) the African schistosomes form a clade to the exclusion of the two Asian species.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 1995 Jun
PMID:A molecular phylogeny of the human schistosomes. 766 56

The genus Heliconius has been revised more than a dozen times, yet relationships among many of its species groups remain obscure. A reliable phylogenetic hypothesis is desirable, because the genus has been a model system for studies of tropical community ecology, mimicry, and ecological genetics for the last 3 decades. A new cladogram for 35 species of Heliconius and the related genera Eueides, Laparus, and Neruda is presented, based on mitochondrial sequences spanning part of the COI gene and the COII gene. The data support most traditionally recognized species groups and also the monophyly of the above four genera with respect to other heliconiine outgroups. However, Heliconius is paraphyletic with respect to the other three genera. These data will allow a reinvestigation of problematical morphological, behavioral, and cytological traits in the group.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 1994 Jun
PMID:Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). 807 34

The details of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogenetic structure of the northern grasshopper mouse Onychomys leucogaster were examined using populations from a postulated area of endemism that includes three arid regions (Colorado Plateaus, Interior Plains, and Wyoming Basins) in western North America. Fifteen tetra- and heptanucleotide restriction enzymes were used to assay restriction-site variation in a 2150-bp PCR-amplified fragment of mtDNA representing the ND2 and part of the COI gene regions. A total of 18 mtDNA haplotypes were detected. Although overall genetic divergence among these haplotypes was low (average = 1.1%), phylogeographic structuring was apparent. Notably, a clear phylogenetic split separated one group of haplotypes restricted to the Wyoming Basins from all others. This phylogenetic split was further corroborated by examination of nucleotide sequence variation from a 270-bp stretch of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. Overall geographic and phylogenetic patterns suggest a complex history of geographic structuring and subsequent mixing of populations of grasshopper mice throughout the late Pleistocene. These patterns of variation are evaluated relative to alternative hypotheses about biotic responses to Quaternary climatic oscillations in western North American arid regions.
Mol Ecol 1993 Jun
PMID:Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography in northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys leucogaster)--the influence of Quaternary climatic oscillations on population dispersion and divergence. 816 52

Focusing on the synonymous substitution rate, we carried out detailed sequence analyses of hominoid mitochondrial (mt) DNAs of ca. 5-kb length. Owing to the outnumbered transitions and strong biases in the base compositions, synonymous substitutions in mtDNA reach rapidly a rather low saturation level. The extent of the compositional biases differs from gene to gene. Such changes in base compositions, even if small, can bring about considerable variation in observed synonymous differences and may result in the region-dependent estimate of the synonymous substitution rate. We demonstrate that such a region dependency is due to a failure to take proper account of heterogeneous compositional biases from gene to gene but that the actual synonymous substitution rate is rather uniform. The synonymous substitution rate thus estimated is 2.37 +/- 0.11 x 10(-8) per site per year and comparable to the overall rate for the noncoding region. On the other hand, the rate of nonsynonymous substitutions differs considerably from gene to gene, as expected under the neutral theory of molecular evolution. The lowest rate is 0.8 x 10(-9) per site per year for COI and the highest rate is 4.5 x 10(-9) for ATPase 8, the degree of functional constraints (measured by the ratio of the nonsynonymous to the synonymous substitution rate) being 0.03 and 0.19, respectively. Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes also show variability in the base contents and thus in the nucleotide differences. The average rate for 11 tRNAs contained in the 5-kb region is 3.9 x 10(-9) per site per year. The nucleotide substitutions in the genome suggest that the transition rate is about 17 times faster than the transversion rate.
J Mol Evol 1993 Jun
PMID:Evolution of hominoid mitochondrial DNA with special reference to the silent substitution rate over the genome. 839 33


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