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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Investigation of 17 insulin sequences from a bony fish, a bird, and 5 mammalian species showed that guinea pig and coypu insulin, that have a strongly divergent primary and quarternary structure, are not the result of gene duplication in an ancient vertebrate or invertebrate ancestor but they they diverged from the other mammals after divergence of the mammals from the other vertebrates. After this divergence both insulins underwent evolution at a highly increased rate.
J Mol Evol 1977 Aug 05
PMID:Orthologous nature of mammalian insulin genes. 89 37

1. The esterification of exogenous palmitate to diglyceride and triglyceride in adipocytes was studied in obese and diabetic patients with and without hypertriglyceridaemia. The rate of esterification correlated significantly with the triglyceride content of adipocytes. 2. In diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridaemia, the rate of esterification to triglyceride was significantly greater than in diabetic patients with normotriglyceridaemia. This difference could not be attributed to differences in glucose tolerance or to the degree of obesity. 3. Fasting plasma insulin levels were greater in the hypertriglyceridaemic group than in the normotriglyceridaemic group. The difference in esterification rates could have been due to differences in adipocyte size. 4. The esterification of fatty acid in adipose tissue of diabetic patients was lower than in non-diabetic subjects and this difference could not be accounted for by differences in adipocyte size or differences in the intracellular pools of fatty acid in adipose tissue. 5. The role of esterification of exogenous fatty acids in adipose tissue as a possible determinant of the uptake of glyceride fatty acids from plasma is discussed.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1976 Sep
PMID:The esterification of exogenous fatty acids by adipose tissue of hypertriglyceridaemic subjects with or without diabetes mellitus. 96 55

1. Gastric juice was collected at regular intervals during electrical stimulation of the vagus in anaesthetized cats and during insulin hypoglycaemia in both anaesthetized and conscious cats. The total amounts of acid and pepsin secreted were similar in the three groups. 2. Pepsins were examined by agar-gel electrophoresis. Resting juice contained two pepsins, and up to nine pepsins could be detected after stimulation. Three patterns of pepsin secretion were found. 3. The most noticeable feature was the variation in the proportion of total pepsin attributable to the pepsin which migrated most rapidly during electrophoresis (pepsin 1). In response to insulin hypoglycaemia, anaesthetized cats secreted only a small proportion of total pepsin 1 and conscious cats secreted a large proportion as pepsin 1. During direct electrical stimulation of the vagus, the proportion of pepsin 1 rose. 4. The possibility of a dependence of pepsin 1 secretion on vagal stimulation is discussed and the relevance of this to peptic ulcer and to vagotomy is considered.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1975 Apr
PMID:Variation in the proportions of individual pepsins secreted by the cat in response to vagal stimulation and hypoglycaemia. 109 18

Glyceraldehyde is known to stimulate insulin release. Its influence on various parameters of islet function was investigated in order to assess the possible significance of glycolsis in the insulinotropic action of glucose. In the absence of glucose, glyceraldehyde (5-20 mM), but neither dihydroxyacetone nor glycerol stimulated insulin release in rat isolated islets. The glucose-like effect glyceraldehyde (10 mM) was characterized by a shift to the left of the curve relating insulin release to glucose concentration, without any significant increase in the maximal velocity of the secretory process. In the isolated perfused rat pancreas, glyceraldehyde provoked a biphasic secretory response. Glyceraldehyde-induced insulin release was inhibited in the absence of calcium or in the presence of epinephrine, unaffected by mannoheptulose or 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid, and enhanced by theophylline and cytochalism B. Glyceraldehyde also stimulated to pro-insulin biosynthesis and 45Ca net uptake by isolated islets, the latter effect being apparently due, in part at least, to inhibition of calcium outward transport across the cell membrane. At concentrations of nearly equivalent insulinotropic potency, glucose and glyceraldehyde were metabolized at rates yielding comparable output of both lactate and 14CO2. The data indicate that glyceraldehyde mimics many effects of glucose on islet function, suggesting that the insulinotropic action of glucose may be related to its metabolism through the glycolytic pathway.
Mol Cell Endocrinol
PMID:The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release XIX. The insulinotropic effect of glyceraldehyde. 110 91

200 muU of insulin per ml perfusion medium stimulated glucose uptake and lactate production by the isolated perfused rat heart about 5 and 10 fold, respectively. Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) extracted from human serum had almost the same maximal effects. Mol per mol the two substances were equally effective and, correspondingly, the dose-response curves were very similar. NSILA-S accelerated the efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose from the heart cells to the same extent as insulin. It can be concluded that NSILA-S acts on heart muscle in a very similar way to that of insulin.
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PMID:Effects of insulin and of NSILA-S on the perfused rat heart: glucose uptake, lactate production and efflux of 3-0-methyl glucose. 112 29

1. Intravenous glucose tolerance test were performed in fourteen patients with mild or moderate liver damage due to paracetamol overdose. 2. In patients managed conservatively there was glucose intolerance associated with a diminished early insulin response to glucose, suggesting inadequate nutrition in the period between the overdose and the glucose tolerance test. 3. Patients given intravenous glucose supplements to maintain nutrition were also glucose intolerant and, in these, insulin responses to glucose were normal. The decreased fractional disappearance rate was partly due to an increase in glucose distribution space and partly due to a decrease in absolute glucose disappearance rate. 4. Impaired gluconeogenesis was suggested by mild fasting hypoglycaemia in four patients and raised fasting blood lactate concentrations. Serum growth hormone concentrations showed a paradoxical increase after glucose. 5. All these variables had returned to normal in four patients re-tested after recovery.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1975 Nov
PMID:Disturbances in glucose metabolism in patients with liver damage due to paracetamol overdose. 119 5

1. An index of capillary permeability was obtained by measuring the ratio of the clearance rate of 77Br to that of 133Xe in the anterior tibial muscle, after a short period of maximal ischaemic exercise. 2. Seventeen control subjects and thirty-two maturity-onset, non-insulin-treated diabetic subjects, aged 60 years or less, were studied. Short glucose tolerance tests were performed in the diabetic subjects during which blood sugar and serum insulin concentrations were estimated. 3. The 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio was increased in the diabetic subjects compared with the control subjects. In the diabetic subjects, there was an inverse correlation between the insulin at 60 min after glucose and the 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio. There was also a direct correlation between the 77Br/133Xe clearance ratio and the age of the patient in the diabetic group but not in the control group. 4. The results demonstrate that a reduced insulin response to oral glucose is associated with increased capillary permability and may play a role in the development of microangiopathy.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1976 Feb
PMID:Measurement of an index of muscle capillary permeability and its correlation with serum insulin values in maturity-onset diabetic subjects. 125 25

1. The rate of oxidation of [1-14C]glucose to 14CO2 was examined in subcutaneous adipose tissue from fifteen obese non-diabetic subjects and from eleven obese maturity-onset diabetic patients. Production of 14CO2, measured in the basal state and in the presence of insulin, was significantly correlated with mean cell size in both the non-diabetic and the diabetic subjects, independent of age, relative weight and fasting plasma insulin concentration. 2. Comparison of the regressions of glucose oxidation rates on mean cell size indicated: (i) that insulin produced a significant increase in activity over the basal value in both groups, and (ii) that basal and insulin-stimulated activity were both significantly lower in diabetic than in non-diabetic adipose tissue.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1976 Mar
PMID:Cell size and glucose oxidation rate in adipose tissue from non-diabetic and diabetic obese human subjects. 125 28

1. In rats in a variety of nutritional states, the adipose tissue clearing factor lipase activity is strongly, positively correlated with fat-cell triglyceride fatty acid uptake. 2. In the same animals, muscle clearing factor lipase activity is inversely correlated with the activity of the enzyme in adipose tissue and with the plasma insulin concentration. 3. In starved animals that are given glucose, adipose tissue clearing factor lipase activity is positively correlated with the plasma insulin concentration. 4. The effect of changes in nutritional status on the activity of clearing factor lipase in rat post-heparin plasma depends on the heparin dosage used. The administration of glucose, but not of fructose or sucrose, to starved rats alters the response to heparin injection towards that found in rats in the fed state.
Clin Sci Mol Med 1976 Mar
PMID:Effect of nutritional status on rat adipose tissue, muscle and post-heparin plasma clearing factor lipase activities: their relationship to triglyceride fatty acid uptake by fat-cells and to plasma insulin concentrations. 125 31

The uptake of D-[U-14C]xylose by isolated rat soleus muscle was studied, using D-[1-3H]-sorbitol as an extracellular marker. Xylose uptake was limited by the diffusion of the sugar into and through the extracellular water. This could be overcome in part by allowing the test sugars to pre-equilibrate in the extracellular water at 0 degrees C, before measuring xylose uptake. It was not necessary to fill the extracellular water with the test sugars to obtain maximum rates of xylose uptake. From this it was concluded that the sugar carrier sites were located in a specific region on the plasma membrane, readily accessible to sugar carrier sites were located in a specific region on the plasma membrane, readily accessible to sugars entering the interstitial water. Pre-equilibration was more effective in the absence of insulin than in the presence of the hormone. This suggested that insulin may influence sugar uptake at some site prior to the cell membrane. Pre-incubation at 0 degrees C itself stimulated sugar transport. This effect of cooling was not influenced by insulin, nor did it appear to affect the stimulatory action of insulin on xylose transport.
Mol Cell Endocrinol 1976 Mar
PMID:Short-term measurement of D-xylose uptake by isolated rat soleus muscle. 126 31


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