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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

These studies describe the normal anatomical distribution of neurons containing the mRNA coding for neurotensin (proneurotensin/neuromedin N) in the rat forebrain and midbrain and examine how that distribution is altered by acute administration of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol. A novel fluorescence detection method was developed and employed with biotinylated oligonucleotides to permit the rapid, sensitive visualization of in situ hybridization. The hybridization was temperature-sensitive, eliminated by ribonuclease, and co-localized in neurotensin-immunoreactive perikarya in the midbrain. In the forebrain of control rats, proneurotensin mRNA-containing neurons were found in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral caudate/putamen, in the nucleus accumbens, in the ventral striatum including the olfactory tubercles, and in the septal nuclei. Haloperidol induced significant increases in the frequencies and distributions of hybridization-positive neurons in the striatum and septal nuclei. In the midbrain, the highest frequency of hybridization-positive neurons occurred in the substantia nigra and the superior colliculus. Prominent populations were also present in the dorsal and ventral periaqueductal gray, the oculomotor region, and the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Less prominent were populations of neurons in the dorsomedial deep mesencephalic nuclei and the ventral tegmental area. Haloperidol induced only modest increases in the frequency of pro-neurotensin mRNA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area, and had no effects elsewhere in the midbrain. These results show that the fluorescent detection techniques used in this analysis provide a very rapid, reliable method for localizing hybridized mRNA in the rat brain. This study also suggests that a subpopulation of striatal neurons begin to express proneurotensin mRNA in response to haloperidol treatment. This effect of haloperidol on striatal neurons contrasts with results from additional studies of enkephalin mRNA in the striatum, suggesting that the mechanisms of haloperidol stimulation may differ between neurotensin and enkephalin-containing neurons.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1990 May
PMID:The effect of acute haloperidol treatment on brain proneurotensin mRNA: in situ hybridization analyses using a novel fluorescence detection procedure. 216 9

Recent evidence has demonstrated regional synthesis of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in rat brain, which is also known to contain widespread specific type I IGF receptors. In order to precisely define sites of IGF-I mRNA synthesis, and their relationship to IGF-I receptor sites, we have applied the techniques of in situ hybridization and in vitro receptor autoradiography in rat brain. Frozen sections of adult rat brain and liver were hybridized with 32P-labeled cDNA inserts for human IGF-I (780 base pairs) or a positive control transthyretin cDNA (1430 base pairs) probe, or a series of negative probes, followed by film or emulsion autoradiography. Receptor autoradiography was performed on similar sections using 125I-IGF-I in buffer, some chambers containing excess unlabeled IGF-I. Hybridization of IGF-I probe was clearly seen only in three major brain regions: the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas transthyretin only hybridized to choroid plexus as expected, and other probes showed no hybridization. In olfactory bulb, hybridization was greatest in the internal granular and mitral cell layers, with lower levels in the glomerular layer, where IGF-I receptors were concentrated. In hippocampus, hybridization was to pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn in CA1 and CA2 layers and dentate gyrus, with some labeling in CA3. IGF-I receptors were most dense in CA2, CA3, CA4, and dentate gyrus. In cerebellum, hybridization was to the granule cell layer, with IGF-I receptors primarily in the adjacent molecular layer. We have clearly demonstrated precise sites of local IGF-I synthesis in adult rat brain, adjacent to, and sometimes overlapping sites of high density IGF-I receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Endocrinol 1990 May
PMID:Localization of insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in rat brain by in situ hybridization--relationship to IGF-I receptors. 217 45

RNA was extracted from five different rat brain regions during development, starting from embryonic day 15 (E15) until postnatal day 60 (P60). These RNA preparations were analyzed by both Northern and dot blot for their content of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) -specific transcripts. CNPase mRNA was readily detectable at E15 and PLP mRNA at P1 in all brain regions examined. In contrast, expression of MBP mRNA followed a caudorostral gradient. It was first observed at P1 in the mesencephalon and at P9-P11 in the olfactory bulb. Expression of these three transcripts displayed two types of developmental profiles. One was termed biphasic because the specific mRNA level increased regularly and then reached a plateau level. The other developmental profile was termed triphasic, because there was a gradual increase in the level of specific transcripts with a sudden appearance of a sharp peak followed by a decline to a plateau level. When the triphasic pattern was observed, the date of the peak appearance was probe-, but not region-, dependent. It was P15 for CNPase, P18 for MBP, and P21 for PLP. As these peaks occurred at a time during development when myelination was the most active, we postulate the existence of a transient external signal, perhaps neuronal, which would be responsible for this increased amount of myelin-related transcripts.
J Mol Neurosci 1989
PMID:Developmental expression of myelin proteolipid, basic protein, and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase transcripts in different rat brain regions. 248 39

The expression of MAP2 during rat brain development was studied by using specific antibodies and cDNA probes. MAP2 cDNAs were isolated from a rat brain lambda gt11 library, and their identity was confirmed by the reactivity of their fusion proteins with several independent monoclonal antibodies that recognize MAP2. Northern blot analyses of the RNA prepared from whole brains, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brain stem, olfactory bulbs, and cerebellum showed that the levels of MAP2 mRNA increase during the initial phase of development, reach a maximum between postnatal weeks 2 and 3, and then decrease in the adult. The time course and the kinetics of this change varied between different brain regions and appeared to reflect the pattern of morphological changes in these regions. RNA blots were also analyzed with beta-tubulin and beta-actin cDNA probes to ensure the quality and the quantity of the RNA. The levels of MAP2 mRNA and protein showed similar changes during the initial part of brain development and suggested a transcriptional control. However, while MAP2 protein levels remained high throughout development, MAP2 mRNA levels decreased in adulthood. We suggest that the increased stability of the MAP2 molecule may be a contributing factor in the developmental regulation of steady-state levels of MAP2.
J Mol Neurosci 1989
PMID:Regulation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) mRNA expression during rat brain development. 248 43

I show, by in situ hybridization, that c-fos is expressed in the nervous system during mouse development. This expression was found to be restricted to specific regions at late stages of development (day 16 postcoitum), particularly to the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and olfactory lobe. The c-fos protein may play a role in the maturation of these structures by activating specific genes.
Mol Cell Biol 1989 May
PMID:c-fos proto-oncogene expression in the nervous system during mouse development. 250 66

1. Aim. The biochemical characteristics of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors (ANP-R) derived from rat vascular smooth muscle (A-10 cell line) and central nervous system (CNS; olfactory bulb) tissue were compared. 2. Method and Results. ANP-Rs from each source were solubilized with 40 to 65% efficiency utilizing the nonionic detergent Lubrol-PX. Upon solubilization, the ANP-R from each source maintained the ability to bind 125I-ANP (99-126) with a high affinity; Scatchard analysis indicated that the VSMC ANP-R displayed a Kd for the radioligand of approximately 10 pM, whereas the olfactory receptor possessed a Kd of about 165 pM. The Bmax values for the soluble VSMC and olfactory ANP-Rs were 285 and 30 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Competition binding studies indicated that the VSMC ANP-R bound ANP(99-126), ANP(103-126), and ANP(103-123) with similar affinities, whereas the olfactory ANP-R was much more sensitive to changes in the COOH-terminal structure of the competing peptide. The soluble ANP-Rs from VSMC and olfactory were chromatographically indistinguishable on phenyl-, DEAE-, and wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns. However, the ANP-Rs could be distinguished using GTP-agarose; the olfactory ANP-R was capable of binding to the resin, whereas the VSMC ANP-R was not. 3. Conclusions. Coupled with other studies, these data suggest that the A10 VSMC ANP-R observed in this study may not be coupled to guanylate cyclase and may represent a receptor serving a clearance function, whereas a significant proportion of the olfactory CNS ANP-R appears to be associated with GTP-binding proteins, likely particulate guanylate cyclase, and probably represents a coupled form of the receptor.
Cell Mol Neurobiol 1989 Mar
PMID:Biochemical studies of soluble atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors from rat olfactory bulb and vascular smooth muscle cells. 254 Sep 12

The distribution of 3 GABAA receptor alpha-subunit mRNAs in various regions of bovine brain has been investigated using in situ hybridization. Whereas the alpha 2- and alpha 3-transcripts are of low abundance in all regions except striatum, the alpha 1-transcript is considerably enriched in the inferior colliculus, olfactory bulb and substantia nigra, and appears to be correlated with benzodiazepine type I receptor localization.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1989 Jun
PMID:Localization of GABAA receptor alpha-subunit mRNAs in relation to receptor subtypes. 254 1

Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (I and II) are homologous peptides essential to normal metabolism as well as growth. These peptide hormones are present in the brain, and, based on biosynthetic labeling studies as well as evidence for local gene expression, they are synthesized by nervous tissue as well as being taken up by the brain from the peripheral circulation. Furthermore, the presence of insulin and IGF receptors in the brain, on both neuronal and glial cells, also suggests a role for these peptides in the nervous system. Thus, these ligands affect brain electrical activity, either as neurotransmitters or as neuromodulators, altering the release and re-uptake of other neurotransmitters. The insulin and IGF-I and -II receptors found in the brain exhibit a lower molecular weight than corresponding receptors on peripheral tissues, primarily caused by alterations in glycosylation. Despite these alterations, both brain insulin and IGF-I receptors exhibit tyrosine kinase activity in cell-free systems, as do their peripheral counterparts. Brain insulin and IGF-I receptors are developmentally regulated, with the highest levels appearing in fetal or perinatal life. However, the altered glycosylation of brain receptors does not appear until late in fetal development. The receptors are widely distributed in the brain, but especially enriched in the circumventricular organs, choroid plexus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb. These studies on the insulin and IGF receptor in brain, add strong support to the suggestion that insulin and IGFs are important neuroactive substances, regulating growth, development, and metabolism in the brain.
Mol Neurobiol
PMID:Insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors in the nervous system. 255 69

1. Specific 125I-labeled insulin-like growth factor-I [( 125I] IGF-I) binding sites in the rat forebrain and pituitary gland were investigated using quantitative receptor autoradiography. 2. High densities of [125I]IGF-I binding sites were present in the olfactory nerve layer, olfactory glomerular layer, choroid plexus, CA3 and CA4 of the hippocampus, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, and endopiriform nucleus. Moderate to high binding densities were found in the cerebral cortex (II, VI), bed nucleus stria terminalis, accumbens nucleus, lateral septum, median preoptic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and ventroposterior thalamic nucleus. In the circumventricular organs, subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, and median eminence, the binding sites were numerous. High densities of [125I]IGF-I binding sites were also observed in the anterior pituitary gland. 3. In kinetic experiments, [125I]IGF-I binding sites in the olfactory glomerular layer, choroid plexus, median eminence, and anterior pituitary gland were found to be single and of a high affinity. 4. Noteworthy was the difference in the potency of insulin in inhibiting the binding among the areas examined, a finding which suggests heterogeneity of IGF-I receptors. 5. The possibility that IGF-I plays the role of a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator in the central nervous system warrants further investigation.
Cell Mol Neurobiol 1989 Sep
PMID:Receptor autoradiographic analysis of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding sites in rat forebrain and pituitary gland. 255 3

1. The procerebrum (PC) of the terrestrial slug Limax maximus is of interest as a potential site of olfactory information processing (Gelperin et al., 1989). The neuromodulator serotonin is present in the procerebrum and can elicit action potentials from cultured procerebral neurons. We have investigated the effects of serotonin on second-messenger signaling systems and protein phosphorylation as a prelude to studies on long-term synaptic plasticity in the Limax procerebral lobe. 2. We found that several biochemical changes are triggered within 20 min of adding serotonin to the isolated procerebral lobe: adenylate cyclase is activated, protein phosphorylation and synthesis are modulated, and phosphatidylinositol-metabolism is stimulated. 3. Serotonin causes a rapid synthesis of cAMP, reaching a 20- to 30-fold increase within 1 min. Serotonin affects the rate of phosphorylation of several proteins, detected after a brief (20-min) incubation of the procerebral lobe in [32P]phosphate-containing medium. The level of synthesis of several proteins is altered by serotonin, as determined by alterations in [35S]methionine incorporation during a 20-min incubation. Serotonin also causes a slow accumulation of inositoltrisphosphate. 4. Our study shows that within a short time (less than 20 min) serotonin can influence several second-messenger signaling systems and the functional state and abundance of proteins in the procerebral lobe. These serotonin-stimulated events should have direct consequences for intercellular communication in the odor-processing network of the procerebral lobe.
Cell Mol Neurobiol 1989 Dec
PMID:Serotonin-stimulated biochemical events in the procerebrum of Limax. 255 7


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