Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Type 2C protein phosphatase (PP2C) is one of four major serine-threonine specific phosphoprotein phosphatases which modulate various intracellular activities. By in situ hybridization analysis of the adult rat, expression signals of mRNA for PP2C were observed most highly in the granule cells and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus and granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and plexus choroideus of the lateral ventricle, whereas moderate levels of its expression were observed in the medial habenula, piriform cortex and the pineal body. Several discrete nuclei of the brainstem including pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the pontine nuclei, and the locus ceruleus expressed the mRNA moderately. Weak expression of PP2C mRNA was observed in mitral and internal granule cells of the olfactory bulb, spinal cord gray matter, the cerebral neocortex, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. Only faint expression was detected in the caudate putamen. These patterns of expression are different from that of calcineurin/PP2B reported by other immunohistochemical studies and it is suggested that various neuronal proteins are differentially dephosphorylated by the different types of PP.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 May
PMID:Localization of mRNA for protein phosphatase 2C in the brain of adult rats. 132 Jul 18

Cells from the olfactory epithelium of adult human cadavers have been propagated in primary culture and subsequently cloned. These cells exhibit neuronal properties including: neuron-specific enolase, olfactory marker protein, neurofilaments, and growth-associated protein 43. Simultaneously, the cells exhibit nonneuronal properties such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and keratin, the latter suggesting properties of neuroblasts or stem cells. These clonal cultures contain 5-10% of cells sufficiently differentiated to show odorant-dependent cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) or calcium-release responses when challenged with submicromolar concentrations of odorants. The potential of culturing neuronal cells from patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia, could enable the study of the pathophysiology of these neurons in the culture dish and allow new approaches to the study of mental illness.
J Mol Neurosci 1992
PMID:Continuous culture of neuronal cells from adult human olfactory epithelium. 132 Sep 21

We have investigated the pharmacological profile of the opioid stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in rat olfactory bulb, in order to identify the opioid receptor subtype(s) involved in this response. The synthetic delta-selective agonists (D-Ala2)deltorphin I, (2-D-penicillamine,5-D-penicillamine)-enkephalin, and (D-Ser-Leu5-enkephalyl)-threonine were effective stimulators of the enzyme activity, with EC50 values of 6.7, 420, and 63 nM, respectively. A significant increase was also observed with the mu-selective agonists (N-methyl-Phe3,D-Pro4)-morphiceptin, dermorphin, and (D-Ala2-N-methyl-Phe4-Gly-ol5)-enkephalin (DAGO). The latter two agonists displayed biphasic concentration-response curves, with high affinity components accounting for 75-80% of the maximal responses. The kappa-selective agonists U-50,488 and U-69,593 were ineffective, whereas (D-Ala2)dynorphin A-1-11, dynorphin A, dynorphin A-1-13, and dynorphin A-1-6 acted with a rank order of potency consistent with their affinity for delta receptors. The stimulatory responses of Leu-enkephalin, beta-endorphin, dynorphin A, and delta-selective agonists were counteracted by naltrindole with pA2 values of 9.39-8.93, whereas naloxone was less potent (pA2 = 8.17-7.59). The kappa-selective antagonist norbinaltorphimine was the least potent. The inhibition by naltrindole and naloxone of DAGO stimulation showed biphasic curves, with 90% of the response being antagonized more potently by naloxone than by naltrindole. These results demonstrate that delta- and mu- but not kappa-opioid receptor subtypes stimulate basal adenylate cyclase activity in rat olfactory bulb.
Mol Pharmacol 1992 Jul
PMID:Characterization of opioid receptors mediating stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in rat olfactory bulb. 132 51

The localization of gene expression of calreticulin, a calcium-binding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, was examined throughout the entire brain of adult mice by in situ hybridization. Calreticulin mRNA is expressed widely and heterogeneously in discrete neurons throughout the brain, but the white matters expressed it weekly or faintly. In the olfactory bulb, the mRNA is expresses moderately in the mitral cells, but weakly in the periglomerular cells and internal granule cells. In the cerebrum, the gene is expressed intensely in the piriform cortex, but weakly in neocortex, the entorhinal cortex and the amygdaloid nuclei. In the hippocampal formation, calreticulin mRNA is expressed intensely in the CA1-CA3 regions but less intensely in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. The caudate-putamen, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, and mammillary nuclei express the mRNA weakly or faintly. In the mesencephalon, pons and medulla, moderate expression of the mRNA is detected in the pontine nuclei and the locus ceruleus. Weak expression of the mRNA is detected in several discrete nuclei and zones such as the substantia nigra, the superior colliculus and the central gray. Expression signals of calreticulin mRNA are faint in the inferior olive. In the cerebellum, calreticulin mRNA is expressed moderately in the Purkinje cells whereas no significant expression is detected in the granule cells. The plexus choroideus of the lateral, third and fourth ventriculi express calreticulin mRNA intensely although no distinct expression of the mRNA is discerned in the ependyma.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Aug
PMID:Localization of gene expression of calreticulin in the brain of adult mouse. 132 96

Localization of mRNA for the c-kit receptor and its ligand (Sl factor) in the brain of adult rats was studied using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The mRNA for the c-kit receptor was detected in the forebrain, the lower brain stem and the cerebellum. In the forebrain, the c-kit mRNA signals were detected in the olfactory bulb, the caudate-putamen, throughout the superficial cortex, the accumbens nucleus, the nucleus of vertical limb diagonal band, the bed nucleus of anterior commissure, Ammon's horn, the entopeduncular nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the parasubiculum, the presubiculum, the ventricular nucleus of lateral lemniscus, and the entorhinal cortex. In the lower brain stem, the signals were detected in the inferior colliculus, the spinal vestibular nucleus, the spinal tract nucleus of trigeminal nerve, and the pyramidal tract. In the cerebellum, the signals were detected in the molecular layer of the cortex and cerebellar nuclei. By contrast, the signals of mRNA for Sl factor were detected in the forebrain and the cerebellum. In the forebrain, the signals were detected in the olfactory bulb, the endopiriform nucleus, the septohippocampal nucleus, the habenular nuclei, and most of the thalamic nuclei. In the cerebellum, the signals were detected in Purkinje cells. Several pairs of structures were found in which mRNA of either the c-kit receptor or the Sl factor was expressed and between which the synaptic connection had been reported, suggesting that the interaction between the c-kit receptor and the Sl factor may play some roles in the development of such synaptic connections.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Sep
PMID:Localization of mRNA for c-kit receptor and its ligand in the brain of adult rats: an analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry. 133 69

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a trophic factor synthesized in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is believed to play a role in neuronal maintenance and repair. Little is known about the regulation of this growth factor in the CNS. To determine whether the expression of the bFGF gene in the brain of adult animals changes in response to alterations of neuronal activity, we examined bFGF mRNA levels in several brain regions of rats experiencing focally-evoked convulsive seizures. Seizures were induced by microinjecting bicuculline unilaterally into an epileptogenic site within the deep prepiriform cortex, area tempestas (AT). By 5 h after initiation of brief limbic motor seizures from AT, there was a four fold increase in the levels of bFGF mRNA in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulb, but not in the caudate-putamen. The maximal expression of bFGF mRNA was reached by 10 h after seizure onset. In the same animals, the mRNA encoding nerve growth factor (NGF) was increased in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, but not in the olfactory bulb. Our results demonstrate that neuronal activity can influence bFGF expression in an anatomically selective fashion and that acute changes in bFGF can occur in the uninjured mature brain. The increase in bFGF expression in response to excessive activation of specific neuronal circuitry may represent an adaptive response to protect against potential injury in those circuits.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Oct
PMID:Basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA increases in specific brain regions following convulsive seizures. 133 86

In mammalian brain, physiological signals carried by cyclic AMP (cAMP) seem to be targeted to effector sites via the tethering of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II beta (PKAII beta) to intracellular structures. Recently characterized A kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are probable mediators of the sequestration of PKAII beta because they contain a high-affinity binding site for the regulatory subunit (RII beta) of the kinase and a distinct intracellular targeting domain. To establish a cellular basis for this targeting mechanism, we have employed immunocytochemistry to 1) identify the types of neurons that are enriched in AKAPs, 2) determine the primary intracellular location of the anchor protein, and 3) demonstrate that an AKAP and RII beta are coenriched and colocalized in neurons that utilize the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway. Antibodies directed against rat brain AKAP 150 were used to elucidate the regional, cellular and intracellular distribution of a prototypic anchor protein in the CNS. AKAP 150 is abundant in Purkinje cells and in neurons of the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, and other forebrain regions. In contrast, little AKAP 150 is detected in neurons of the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain. A high proportion of total AKAP 150 is concentrated in primary branches of dendrites, where it is associated with microtubules. We also discovered that the patterns of accumulation and localization of RII beta (and PKAII beta) in brain are similar to those of AKAP 150. The results suggest that bifunctional AKAP 150 tethers PKAII beta to the dendritic cytoskeleton, thereby creating a discrete target site for the reception and propagation of signals carried by cAMP.
Mol Biol Cell 1992 Nov
PMID:cAMP signaling in neurons: patterns of neuronal expression and intracellular localization for a novel protein, AKAP 150, that anchors the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase II beta. 133 41

A Fos-lacZ transgenic mouse has been described that accurately recapitulates both constitutive and inducible patterns of c-fos expression in adult mice. Here we describe the developmental expression of the transgene in the brain during the early postnatal period. On the day of birth, expression of the transgene is observed in several discrete regions of the CNS; including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus, and several cranial nerve nuclei. In these regions, expression declines to adult levels by three weeks. In other regions of the CNS, expression appeared transiently after P0.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Nov
PMID:Temporal and spatial expression of a fos-lacZ transgene in the developing nervous system. 133 94

The expression of GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit mRNA in the postnatal rat forebrain was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. In most regions, including the isocortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala, septum, nucleus of the diagonal band, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus, the expression of alpha 1 subunit mRNA was low at birth but showed a dramatic increase during the early postnatal period. Adult levels of expression were reached at around the second or third week of life in these regions. However, in the caudate-putamen, and the nucleus accumbens, the expression of this subunit was only transient.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Dec
PMID:Postnatal ontogenesis of neurons containing GABAA alpha 1 subunit mRNA in the rat forebrain. 133 29

Previous in situ hybridization experiments reported that beta4 (beta 4) neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) transcripts were found only in the medial habenula (MHB). Co-expression in Xenopus oocytes of the beta 4 subunit and any one of three ligand-binding or alpha subunits results in the formation of functional nAChRs. Comparisons between the pharmacology of nAChRs expressed in oocytes and the pharmacology of nAChRs found in the rat CNS prompted a further investigation of the localization of transcripts encoding the beta 4 nAChR subunit. Using two beta 4-specific cRNA probes, in situ hybridization was performed in rat brain. beta 4 mRNA was detected at high levels in the presubiculum, parasubiculum, subiculum and dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, in layer IV of the isocortex, in the medial habenula, in the interpeduncular nucleus, and in the trigeminal motor nerve nucleus. Moderate hybridization signals were seen in the isocortex (layers I-III), in olfactory regions, in fields CA1 through CA4 of Ammon's horn and the entorhinal cortex of the hippocampal formation, in the supramammillary nucleus, in the pontine nucleus, in the cerebellum, and in the locus coeruleus. No hybridization above background was detected in the septum, basal ganglia, sensory portions of the brainstem, or spinal cord.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Dec
PMID:Gene transcripts for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit, beta4, are distributed in multiple areas of the rat central nervous system. 133 43


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