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The Hylobatidae (gibbons) are among the most endangered primates and their evolutionary history and systematics remain largely unresolved. We have investigated the species-level phylogenetic relationships among hylobatids using 1257 bases representing all species and an expanded data set of up to 2243 bases for select species from the mitochondrial ND3-ND4 region. Sequences were obtained from 34 individuals originating from all 12 recognized extant gibbon species. These data strongly support each of the four previously recognized clades or genera of gibbons, Nomascus, Bunopithecus, Symphalangus, and Hylobates, as monophyletic groups. Among these clades, there is some support for either Bunopithecus or Nomascus as the most basal, while in all analyses Hylobates appears to be the most recently derived. Within Nomascus, Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus is the most basal, followed by N. concolor, and then a clade of N. leucogenys and N. gabriellae. Within Hylobates, H. pileatus is the most basal, while H. moloch and H. klossii clearly, and H. agilis and H. muelleri likely form two more derived monophyletic clades. The segregation of H. klossii from other Hylobates species is not supported by this study. The present data are (1) consistent with the division of Hylobatidae into four distinct clades, (2) provide the first genetic evidence for all the species relationships within Nomascus, and (3) call for a revision of the current relationships among the species within Hylobates. We propose a phylogenetic tree as a working hypothesis against which intergeneric and interspecific relationships can be tested with additional genetic, morphological, and behavioral data.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005 Sep
PMID:A complete species-level phylogeny of the Hylobatidae based on mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene sequences. 1595 Apr 93

In spite of several classification attempts among taxa of the genus Lepus, phylogenetic relationships still remain poorly understood. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that may resolve some of the current incongruities in the phylogeny of the leporids. The complete mitochondrial cytb, 12S genes, and parts of ND4 and control region fragments were sequenced to examine phylogenetic relationships among Chinese hare taxa and other leporids throughout the World using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches. Using reconstructed phylogenies, we observed that the Chinese hare is not a single monophyletic group as originally thought. Instead, the data infers that the genus Lepus is monophyletic with three unique species groups: North American, Eurasian, and African. Ancestral area analysis indicated that ancestral Lepus arose in North America and then dispersed into Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge eventually extending to Africa. Brooks Parsimony analysis showed that dispersal events followed by subsequent speciation have occurred in other geographic areas as well and resulted in the rapid radiation and speciation of Lepus. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach based on the continuous autocorrelation of evolutionary rates along branches estimated the divergence time between the three major groups within Lepus. The genus appears to have arisen approximately 10.76 MYA (+/-0.86 MYA), with most speciation events occurring during the Pliocene epoch (5.65+/-1.15 MYA approximately 1.12 +/- 0.47 MYA).
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005 Oct
PMID:Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Lepus in Eastern Asia based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. 1599 Mar 40

We analyzed the phylogeny of the Neotropical pitvipers within the Porthidium group (including intra-specific through inter-generic relationships) using 1.4 kb of DNA sequences from two mitochondrial protein-coding genes (ND4 and cyt-b). We investigated how Bayesian Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) phylogenetic hypotheses based on this 'mesoscale' dataset were affected by analysis under various complex models of nucleotide evolution that partition models across the dataset. We develop an approach, employing three statistics (Akaike weights, Bayes factors, and relative Bayes factors), for examining the performance of complex models in order to identify the best-fit model for data analysis. Our results suggest that: (1) model choice may have important practical effects on phylogenetic conclusions even for mesoscale datasets, (2) the use of a complex partitioned model did not produce widespread increases or decreases in nodal posterior probability support, and (3) most differences in resolution resulting from model choice were concentrated at deeper nodes. Our phylogenetic estimates of relationships among members of the Porthidium group (genera: Atropoides, Cerrophidion, and Porthidium) resolve the monophyly of the three genera. Bayesian MCMC results suggest that Cerrophidion and Porthidium form a clade that is the sister taxon to Atropoides. In addition to resolving the intra-specific relationships among a majority of Porthidium group taxa, our results highlight phylogeographic patterns across Middle and South America and suggest that each of the three genera may harbor undescribed species diversity.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005 Dec
PMID:Modeling nucleotide evolution at the mesoscale: the phylogeny of the neotropical pitvipers of the Porthidium group (viperidae: crotalinae). 1602 60

A phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial ND4 and adjacent tRNA sequences for a geographically extensive series of specimens reveals nine major clades within Pseudonaja, of which six are largely coincident with nominal taxa (P. affinis, P. guttata, P. inframacula, P. ingrami, P. modesta, and P. textilis). The remaining three clades are composed of specimens presently referred to P. nuchalis. Two of these clades correspond with the "Darwin" and "Southern" morphs of previous authors, while the third clade incorporates the "Orange with black head" and "Pale head, grey nape" morphs. We are unable to confirm the presence of consistent karyotypic differences between "Orange with black head" and "Pale head, grey nape" specimens, however, P. inframacula, P. textilis, and P. nuchalis "Darwin" are found to exhibit distinctive karyotypes, as previously reported. These results, in conjunction with additional observations of karyotpic and morphological variation, are consistent with nine historically-independent lineages (i.e., species) within Pseudonaja. There is strong support for a clade composed of P. affinis, P. inframacula, P. ingrami, P. textilis, and the three P. nuchalis lineages, and for the relationships (P. inframacula, P. nuchalis "Southern") and (P. nuchalis "Darwin", P. nuchalis "Orange with black head"--"Pale head, grey nape" ).
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005 Nov
PMID:A phylogenetic analysis of Pseudonaja (Hydrophiinae, Elapidae, Serpentes) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. 1609 68

Heterogeneous clinical expression of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders depends on both qualitative and quantitative changes in mtDNA. We developed a sensitive and effective method that simultaneously detects mtDNA deletion(s) and quantifies total mtDNA content. The percentage of deletions and mtDNA content of 19 patients with single or multiple deletions were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) using TaqMan probes specific for mtDNA (tRNA leu(UUR), ND4, ATPase8, and D-loop regions) and nuclear DNA (AIB1, beta-2-microglobulin, and beta-actin). The proportion of deletion mutants determined by real-time qPCR was consistent with that determined by Southern analysis. Most patients with mtDNA deletions also demonstrated compensatory mtDNA over-replication. Multiple mtDNA deletions that were not detectable by Southern analysis due to low percentage of each deletion molecule were readily detected and quantified by real-time qPCR. Furthermore, 12 patients with clinical features and abnormal biochemical/histopathological results consistent with mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders without identified mtDNA mutations had either substantially depleted or significantly over-replicated mtDNA content, supporting the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Our results demonstrate that both qualitative and quantitative analyses are important in molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases. The presence of deletion(s) and mtDNA depletion or compensatory over-replication can be determined simultaneously by real-time qPCR.
J Mol Diagn 2005 Nov
PMID:Simultaneous detection and quantification of mitochondrial DNA deletion(s), depletion, and over-replication in patients with mitochondrial disease. 1625 60

Approximately 29 species in seven genera (Chiroderma, Mesophylla, Platyrrhinus, Uroderma, Vampyressa, Vampyriscus, and Vampyrodes) compose the Subtribe Vampyressina, a group of New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) specialized in fruit-eating. A recent study of restriction-site variability within the mitochondrial ND3-ND4 gene region contrasts with other molecular data, including sequence data from other mitochondrial genes, by suggesting that the monotypic genus Ectophylla (E. alba) also is member of the group and is related closely to Mesophylla. In this study, we address possible explanations for why the restriction-site data appear to contradict other molecular data by performing phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence variation (direct survey) in the ND3-ND4 region and cytochrome b gene and by re-assessing ND3-ND4 restriction-site variability in the known sequences (indirect survey). Results from analysis of sequence data reject the Ectophylla-Mesophylla hypothesis (P<0.001) and suggest four primary lineages within Vampyressina: (1) Mesophylla-Vampyressa; (2) Chiroderma-Vampyriscus; (3) Platyrrhinus-Vampyrodes; and (4) Uroderma. We also find no support for the Ectophylla-Mesophylla hypothesis in our re-analysis of ND3-ND4 restriction-site variability, and suggest the differences between molecular studies have a methodological basis.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006 May
PMID:Molecular systematics of Vampyressine bats (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae) with comparison of direct and indirect surveys of mitochondrial DNA variation. 1642 25

It has proven remarkably difficult to obtain a well-resolved and strongly supported phylogeny for horned lizards (Phrynosoma) because of incongruence between morphological and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. We infer the phylogenetic relationships among all 17 extant Phrynosoma species using >5.1 kb of mtDNA (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, ND1, ND2, ND4, Cyt b, and associated tRNA genes), and >2.2kb from three nuclear genes (RAG-1, BDNF, and GAPD) for most taxa. We conduct separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of these data using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic relationships inferred from the mtDNA data are congruent with previous mtDNA analyses based on fewer characters and provide strong support for most branches. However, we detected strong incongruence between the mtDNA and nuclear data using comparisons of branch support and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests, with the (P. platyrhinos+P. goodei) clade identified as the primary source of this conflict. Our analysis of a P. mcalliixP. goodei hybrid suggests that this incongruence is caused by reticulation via introgressive hybridization. Our preferred phylogeny based on an analysis of the combined data (excluding the introgressed mtDNA data) provides a new framework for interpreting character evolution and biogeography within Phrynosoma. In the context of this improved phylogeny we propose a phylogenetic taxonomy highlighting four clades: (1) Tapaja, containing the viviparous short-horned lizards P. ditmarsi, P. hernandesi, P. douglasii, and P. orbiculare; (2) Anota, containing species with prominent cranial horns (P. solare, P. mcallii, and the P. coronatum group); (3) Doliosaurus, containing three species lacking antipredator blood-squirting (P. modestum, P. platyrhinos, and P. goodei); and (4) Brevicauda, containing two viviparous species with extremely short tails that lack blood-squirting (P. braconnieri and P. taurus).
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006 Jun
PMID:Phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards (Phrynosoma) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data: evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree. 1648 60

Because of the difficulties of constructing a robust phylogeny for Charadriiform birds using morphological characters, recent studies have turned to DNA sequences to resolve the systematic uncertainties of family-level relationships in this group. However, trees constructed using nuclear genes or the mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene suggest deep-level relationships of shorebirds that differ from previous studies based on morphology or DNA-DNA hybridization distances. To test phylogenetic hypotheses based on nuclear genes (RAG-1, myoglobin intron-2) and single mitochondrial genes (Cytochrome b), approximately 13,000 bp of mitochondrial sequence was collected for one exemplar species of 17 families of Charadriiformes plus potential outgroups. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses show that trees constructed from long mitochondrial sequences are congruent with the nuclear gene topologies [Chardrii (Lari, Scolopaci)]. Unlike short mitochondrial sequences (such as Cytochrome b alone), longer sequences yield a well-supported phylogeny for shorebirds across various taxonomic levels. Examination of substitution patterns among mitochondrial genes reveals specific genes (especially ND5, ND4, ND2, and COI) that are better suited for phylogenetic analyses among shorebird families because of their relatively homogeneous nucleotide composition among lineages, slower accumulation of substitutions at third codon positions, and phylogenetic utility in both closely and distantly related lineages. For systematic studies of birds in which family and generic levels are examined simultaneously, we recommend the use of both nuclear and mitochondrial sequences as the best strategy to recover relationships that most likely reflect the phylogenetic history of these lineages.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006 Jun
PMID:Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. 1653 Oct 74

The arboreal mice of the genus Habromys (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Neotominae) are among the most poorly known Neotropical rodents. We investigated species-level phylogenetic relationships among the seven described Habromys species using 1331 aligned bases from the mitochondrial ND3 and ND4 regions. Sequences were obtained from 30 specimens of the seven known species of Habromys and we performed maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian probabilities analyses. The monophyly of the genus Habromys within the Neotomines was verified. The northernmost H. simulatus is sister to the remaining species of the group; within the latter, the southernmost clade (Oaxaca to Central America) is sister to the Transmexican Volcanic Belt clade. Four major clades are clearly distinguished: H. simulatus from the Sierra Madre Oriental and the closely associated Sierra Mazateca; H. delicatulus and H. schmidlyi from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt; H. lepturus, H. chinanteco, and H. ixtlani from the northern Oaxacan highlands; and H. lophurus from Nuclear Central America. Within species, the analyses suggest that H. simulatus and H. lophurus are each composed by two different taxa.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007 Mar
PMID:Diversification of the arboreal mice of the genus Habromys (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Neotominae) in the Mesoamerican highlands. 1707 Jul 11

Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences is becoming increasingly common in genetic studies. The availability of full genome datasets enables an analysis of the information content distributed throughout the mitochondrial genome in order to optimize the research design of future evolutionary studies. The goal of our study was to identify informative regions of the human mitochondrial genome using two criteria: (1) accurate reconstruction of a phylogeny and (2) consistent estimates of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA). We created two series of datasets by deleting individual genes of varied length and by deleting 10 equal-size fragments throughout the coding region. Phylogenies were statistically compared to the full-coding-region tree, while coalescent methods were used to estimate the TMRCA and associated credible intervals. Individual fragments important for maintaining a phylogeny similar to the full-coding-region tree encompassed bp 577-2122 and 11,399-16,023, including all or part of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, ND4, ND5, ND6, and cytb. The control region only tree was the most poorly resolved with the majority of the tree manifest as an unresolved polytomy. Coalescent estimates of TMRCA were less sensitive to removal of any particular fragment(s) than reconstruction of a consistent phylogeny. Overall, we discovered that half the genome, i.e., bp 3669-11,398, could be removed with no significant change in the phylogeny (p(AU)=0.077) while still maintaining overlap of TMRCA 95% credible intervals. Thus, sequencing a contiguous fragment from bp 11,399 through the control region to bp 3668 would create a dataset that optimizes the information necessary for phylogenetic and coalescent analyses and also takes advantage of the wealth of data already available on the control region.
Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007 Sep
PMID:Identification of the most informative regions of the mitochondrial genome for phylogenetic and coalescent analyses. 1731 24


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