Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The NS2B-NS3(pro) polyprotein segment from the dengue virus serotype 2 strain 16681 was purified from overexpressing E. coli by metal chelate affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Enzymatic activity of the refolded NS2B-NS3(pro) protease complex was determined in vitro with dansyl-labeled peptide substrates, based upon native dengue virus type 2 cleavage sites. The 12mer substrate peptides and the cleavage products could be separated by reversed-phase HPLC, and were identified by UV and fluorescence detection. All of the peptide substrates (representing the DEN polyprotein junction sequences at the NS2A/NS2B, NS2B/NS3, NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 sites) were cleaved by the recombinant protease NS2B-NS3(pro). No cleavage was observed with an enzymatically inactive S135A mutant of the NS3 protein, or with a modified substrate peptide of the NS3/NS4A polyprotein site that contained a K2093A substitution. Enzymatic activity was dependent on the salt concentration. A 50% decrease of activity was observed in the presence of 0.1 M sodium chloride. Our results show that the NS3 protease activity of the refolded NS2BNS3(pro) protein can be assayed in vitro with high specificity by using cleavage-junction derived peptide substrates.
J Biochem Mol Biol 2002 Mar 31
PMID:In vitro determination of dengue virus type 2 NS2B-NS3 protease activity with fluorescent peptide substrates. 1229 31

Marine birds can drink seawater because their cephalic 'salt' glands secrete a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution more concentrated than seawater. Salt gland secretion generates osmotically free water that sustains their other physiological processes. Acclimation to saline induces interstitial water and Na move into cells. When the bird drinks seawater, Na enters the plasma from the gut and plasma osmolality (Osm(pl)) increases. This induces water to move out cells expanding the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). Both increases in Osm(pl) and ECFV stimulate salt gland secretion. The augmented intracellular fluid content should allow more rapid expansion of ECFV in response to elevated Osm(pl) and facilitate activation of salt gland secretion. To fully utilize the potential of the salt glands, intestinally absorbed NaCl must be reabsorbed by the kidneys. Thus, Na uptake at gut and renal levels may constrain extrarenal NaCl secretion. High NaCl intake elevates plasma aldosterone concentration of Pekin ducks and aldosterone stimulates intestinal and renal water and sodium uptake. High NaCl intake induces lengthening of the small intestine of adult Mallards, especially males. High NaCl intake has little effect on glomerular filtration rate or tubular sodium Na uptake of birds with competent salt glands. Relative to body mass, kidney mass and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are greater in birds with salt glands than in birds that do not have them. Birds with salt glands do not change GFR, when they drink saline. Thus, their renal filtrate contains excess Na that is, in some species, almost completely renally reabsorbed and excreted in a more concentrated salt gland secretion. Na reabsorption by kidneys of other species, like mallards is less complete and their salt glands make less concentrated secretion. Such species may reflux urine into the hindgut, where additional Na may also be reabsorbed for extrarenal secretion. During exposure to saline, marine birds maintain elevated aldosterone levels despite high Na intake. Marine birds are excellent examples of physiological plasticity.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003 Nov
PMID:Regulation of salt gland, gut and kidney interactions. 1461 81

Vanadium has been shown to be beneficial in the oral treatment of animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term effects of sodium metavanadate in prediabetic BB-DP rats. To do this, 96 rats were divided into 4 equal groups. Groups V1, V2, V3 were treated with sodium metavanadate (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/ml respectively) and sodium chloride (0.5 mg/ml) in drinking water for 7 days. Group C received only sodium chloride (0.5 mg/ml). Blood glucose (BG), glycosuria, ketonuria, body weight and insulinemia were determined. The age of onset of diabetes was significantly higher for groups V2, V3 compared to group C, (p<0.05) and depends on the metavanadate concentration (V3 vs. V1, p=0.006). The incidence of diabetes was lower in the rats treated with metavanadate than in the control group, but this difference was not statistically significant. In diabetic rats, the BG at the onset was higher in group C than in groups V, p<0.05. Insulinemia, at the onset of the treatment as well as immediately after its cessation showed a drop in the treatment groups, proportionally to the dosage of vanadium, but later increased slowly and continuously until the end of the experiment. In conclusion, metavanadate delays the development of diabetes in BB-DP rats, but does not prevent its onset. A milder form of diabetes occurs in diabetic rats treated with metavanadate. The effects depend on the metavanadate concentration and 0.2 mg/ml is preferable.
J Cell Mol Med
PMID:The influence of sodium metavanadate on the process of diabetogenesis in BB rats. 1475 13

The epithelial amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (ENaC) plays a central role in sodium homeostasis and blood pressure control. The molecular effect of high sodium intake on the ENaC gene is not well known. This study examined the effects of high salt (HS) intake on alphaENaC gene transcription in rat kidney. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with hypertonic (1.5M NaCl) or normal saline solution (three rats per group). The serum sodium concentration of rats injected with hypertonic saline increased significantly 30 min after injection (158 +/- 2 mM versus 140 +/- 1 mM for normal saline injected rats and 139 +/- 1 mM for uninjected rats). At 3 h after injection, serum sodium decreased (144 +/- 1 mM) but remained above the control values (139 +/- 1 mM for normal saline injected rats, 139 +/- 1 mM for uninjected rats). The serum aldosterone decreased 1.5 and 3 h after the hypertonic saline injection (217 +/- 10 and 139 +/- 23 pg/ml for hypertonic saline injected rats, 358 +/- 2 pg/ml for uninjected rats). The kidney cortex was dissected macroscopically and total RNA was isolated at 1.5 and 3 h after treatment. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies revealed that following hypertonic saline treatment, alphaENaC mRNA levels were dramatically downregulated, compared with controls, as early as 1.5h. Western blot analysis showed similar patterns of protein downregulation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) blocked the sodium chloride-induced alphaENaC mRNA downregulation, 3h after treatment. This indicates that synthesis of new, uncharacterized protein(s) is required for sodium chloride-mediated inhibition of alphaENaC gene transcription.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004 Mar
PMID:Sodium chloride regulation of the alpha epithelial amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (alphaENaC) gene requires syntheses of new protein(s). 1512 Apr 24

In this study, we demonstrated that the presence of an essential amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) during the formation of cationic liposome/plasmid DNA complexes (lipoplexes) stabilizes the lipoplexes according to the surface charge regulation (SCR) theory. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis revealed that cationic liposomes in an SCR lipoplex (5 and 10 mM NaCl solution in lipoplex) increased fusion. Also, aggregation of SCR lipoplexes was significantly delayed after exposure to saline (150 mM NaCl) as a model of physiological conditions. After intraportal administration, the hepatic transfection activity of galactosylated SCR lipoplexes (5 and 10 mM NaCl solution in lipoplex) was approximately 10- to 20-fold higher than that of galactosylated conventional lipoplexes in mice. The transfection activity in hepatocytes of galactosylated SCR lipoplexes was significantly higher than that of conventional lipoplexes, and preexposure to competitive asialoglycoprotein-receptor blocker significantly reduced the hepatic gene expression, suggesting that hepatocytes are responsible for high hepatic transgene expression of the galactosylated SCR lipoplexes. Pharmacokinetic studies both in situ and in vivo demonstrated a higher tissue binding affinity and a greater expanse of intrahepatic distribution by galactosylated SCR lipoplexes. Moreover, enhanced transfection activity of galactosylated SCR lipoplexes was observed in HepG2 cells, and investigation of confocal microscopic images showed that the release of plasmid DNA in the cell was markedly accelerated. These characteristics partly explain the mechanism of enhanced in vivo transfection efficacy by galactosylated SCR lipoplexes. Hence, information in this study will be valuable for the future use, design, and development of ligand-modified lipoplexes for in vivo applications.
Mol Ther 2004 Oct
PMID:Enhanced hepatocyte-selective in vivo gene expression by stabilized galactosylated liposome/plasmid DNA complex using sodium chloride for complex formation. 1545 56

This study determines the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on post-infarction left ventricular (LV) remodeling and cardiac function. In mice, on day 1 after myocardial infarction (MI), HGF (0.45 mg/kg per day) was injected into the tail vein for 7 days (n = 12). In the control mice (n = 12), 0.9% sodium chloride was injected instead of HGF. Hemodynamic data were obtained in vehicle treated control and HGF-treated hearts 4 weeks after the onset of MI. In the HGF-treated group, cardiac function was well preserved as indicated by LV pressure-volume relationship. These mice exhibited better LV systolic and diastolic function. The infarcted LV wall in HGF-treated heart was thicker as compared to vehicle treated group. Fibrosis and infarct size of the ventricular wall was significantly reduced in the HGF-treated hearts. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) and Ki67 positive cardiomyocytes were observed in the border area of the HGF-treated infarcted hearts. c-Met and c-kit positive cardiomyocytes were observed in the border area and epicardium. Angiogenesis was significantly enhanced in HGF-treated hearts as determined by vessel density per unit area. A significant reduction in apoptosis in the HGF-treated hearts was observed compared with control hearts, and was strongly associated with increased Akt activation. Treatment with HGF improved heart function through angiogenesis, ventricular wall thickening, and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. The antiapoptotic effect of HGF was mediated by activation of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 2004 Nov
PMID:Hepatocyte growth factor prevents ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in mice via Akt pathway and angiogenesis. 1552 81

Scallop hemocytes contain a transglutaminase (TGase) that is electrophoretically different from the TGase in the adductor muscle. The optimum temperature of the hemocyte TGase was lower (about 15 degrees C), compared with the muscle TGase (35-40 degrees C). Other properties, such as the high sodium chloride (NaCl) and CaCl2 concentrations required for activation, instability in salt solutions, and the Km values against monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and succinylated casein, were similar for both enzymes. When hemocyte homogenate was incubated with MDC at 10 degrees C, MDC was incorporated into the 230 k and 100 k proteins of the hemocytes. The 100 k protein was only detected in the supernatant, the 230 k protein was insoluble, and the 210 k protein was detected in both fractions. In the absence of MDC, the 230 k, 210 k, and 100 k proteins were cross-linked by endogenous transglutaminase. The 230 k protein was most quickly cross-linked and formed huge polymers within 5 min. These results suggest that if scallop tissues are injured, hemocyte transglutaminase may be activated, initially cross-linking the insoluble hemocyte 230 k protein, followed by the 210 k and 100 k proteins, to form a cross-linked protein matrix with inter cross-linking of hemocyte sheets, to stop the bleeding.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005 Mar
PMID:Characterization of a transglutaminase from scallop hemocyte and identification of its intracellular substrates. 1569 87

The objective of this work is identifying changes in the collagen bands in heated and rehydrated dentine. We use bovine dentine slices that were heated in oven between 100 and 300 degrees C. The sample hydration was conducted in sodium chloride solution at 0.9 wt.%; the spectra were acquired by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer in the spectral range of 4000-400 cm-1. Our results show a temperature range (T<or=175 degrees C) where the dentinal collagen can be partially denatured and reverted to initial conformation; a second region (175 degrees C<T<or=225 degrees C) where this process occurs partially and a third region (T>225 degrees C) where the collagen is denatured and no reversion is observed after rehydration. This work identifies an important characteristic that dentinal collagen can assume when the tissue is heated and rehydrated; these results indicate the denaturation temperature of dentinal collagen to be near 175-200 degrees C.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005 Dec
PMID:Collagen absorption bands in heated and rehydrated dentine. 1595 May 33

ERFs (ethylene-responsive element binding factors) belong to a large family of plant transcription factors that are found exclusively in plants. A small subfamily of ERF proteins can act as transcriptional repressors. The Arabidopsis genome contains eight ERF repressors, namely AtERF3, AtERF4, and AtERF7 to AtERF12. Members of ERF repressors show differential expression, suggesting that they may have different function. Using a transient expression system, we demonstrated that AtERF4, AtERF7, AtERF10, AtERF11 and AtERF12 can function as transcriptional repressors. The expression of AtERF4 can be induced by ethylene, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid (ABA). By using green fluorescent protein fusion, we demonstrated that AtEFR4 accumulated in the nuclear bodies of Arabidopsis cells. Expression of 35S:AtERF4-GFP in transgenic Arabidopsis plants conferred an ethylene-insensitive phenotype and repressed the expression of Basic Chitinase and beta-1,3-Glucanase, the GCC-box-containing genes. In comparison with wild-type plants, 35S:AtERF4-GFP transgenic plants had decreased sensitivity to ABA and were hypersensitive to sodium chloride. The expression of the ABA responsive genes, ABI2, rd29B and rab18, was decreased in the 35S:AtERF4-GFP transgenic plants. Our study provides evidence that AtERF4 is a negative regulator capable of modulating ethylene and abscisic acid responses.
Plant Mol Biol 2005 Jul
PMID:Arabidopsis ERF4 is a transcriptional repressor capable of modulating ethylene and abscisic acid responses. 1602 41

Synthesis and characterization of three new trinuclear metal complexes of type Cu3, Cu2Zn and Cu2Ni have been achieved by assembling simple mononuclear complexes, namely 2,2'-bipyridyl 3,4-dihydroxo benzaldehyde copper(II) complex and diethylenetriamine complexes of copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) ions, through the reaction of coordinated ligands. The FAB mass spectra for the complexes show fragmentation pattern in accordance with the molecular formula. The frozen electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum of tricopper complex shows two sets of parallel lines with approximately 2:1 ratio. The simulation has been carried out by considering dipolar interaction between the two types of copper ions present in the complex. The trimetallic complexes, Cu3, Cu2Ni and Cu2Zn show strong intercalation type of interaction with Calf thymus DNA in 0.02 mol L(-1) of phosphate buffer containing 60 mmol sodium chloride at pH 7.0 at room temperature. The binding constant is found to be in the order Cu3<Cu2Zn<Cu2Ni. The enhanced binding capability of Cu2Ni complex is attributed to the increased symmetry in the overall structure of the complex and the pronounced binding character of positively charged Ni(II) ions with the purines.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2006 May 01
PMID:Synthesis, physico-chemical and DNA interaction studies of homo- and hetero-trinuclear complexes. 1638 32


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