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The fruit of Actinidia chinensis, a diploid relative of kiwifruit, showed an increased rate of ripening in response to the application of exogenous ethylene. Moreover, late in ripening the fruit produced a burst of ethylene biosynthesis. Thus ripening is climacteric, and there is a clear temporal separation of ethylene sensitivity and ethylene production. RNase protection assays were used to monitor transcript levels of ethylene biosynthetic genes during fruit development and ethylene-induced ripening. The application of exogenous ethylene correlated with increased transcript levels for three different S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) synthetase genes and for the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase gene family. Transcription of an ACC synthase gene was not affected by exogenous ethylene. However, ACC synthase transcript levels increased during subsequent ethylene production by the fruit, consistent with this being the control step for the onset of climacteric ethylene production. ACC oxidase transcripts increased significantly both prior to and during climacteric ethylene production, while only one of the three SAM synthetase transcripts was induced during the late ethylene burst. We propose that the regulation of SAM synthetase transcripts by ethylene may occur as part of the methionine salvage pathway.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 May
PMID:Expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes in Actinidia chinensis fruit. 917 11

Ethylene production and expression patterns of an 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (CARAO1) and of two ACC synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) genes (CARACC3 and CARAS1) were studied in floral organs of cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cv. White Sim. During the vase life and after treatment of fresh flowers with ethylene, production of ethylene and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes first started in the ovary followed by the styles and the petals. ACC oxidase was expressed in all the floral organs whereas, during the vase life, tissue-specific expression of the two ACC synthase genes was observed. After treatment with a high ethylene concentration, tissue specificity of the two ACC synthase genes was lost and only a temporal difference in expression remained. In styles, poor correlation between ethylene production and ACC synthase (CARAS1) gene expression was observed suggesting that either activity is regulated at the translational level or that the CARAS1 gene product requires an additional factor for activity. Isolated petals showed no increase in ethylene production and expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes when excised from the flower before the increase in petal ethylene production (before day 7); showed rapid cessation of ethylene production and gene expression when excised during the early phase of petal ethylene production (day 7) and showed a pattern of ethylene production and gene expression similar to the pattern observed in the attached petals when isolated at day 8. The interorgan regulation of gene expression and ethylene as a signal molecule in flower senescence are discussed.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 May
PMID:Ethylene biosynthetic genes are differentially expressed during carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flower senescence. 917 15

The key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, ACC synthase, is encoded by a multigene family. We describe three new DNA sequences encoding members of the ACC synthase family of the tomato. One of these sequences encodes a novel ACC synthase, LE-ACS6, which is phylogenetically related to the ACC synthases LE-ACS1A and LE-ACS1B. Gene-specific probes for seven tomato ACC synthase genes were prepared. They were used for RNase protection assays to study the accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts in suspension-cultured tomato cells after the addition of an elicitor. The ACC synthase genes LE-ACS2, LE-ACS5 and LE-ACS6 were strongly induced by the elicitor. In contrast, the genes LE-ACS1B, LE-ACS3 and LE-ACS4 were constitutively expressed and LE-ACS1B was present at all times at a particularly high level. Thus, there are two groups of ACC synthase transcripts expressed in these cells, either elicitor-induced or constitutive. A transcript of LE-ACS1A was not detected. Despite the presence of LE-ACS1B, LE-ACS2, LE-ACS3, LE-ACS4 and LE-ACS5, there was only little ethylene produced in the absence of the elicitor. Increased ethylene production is usually correlated with the accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts, indicating that ethylene production is controlled via the transcriptional activation of ACC synthase genes. However, the abundance of several ACC synthase mRNAs studied was not strictly correlated with the rate of elicitor-induced ethylene production. Our data provide evidence that the activity of these ACC synthases may not solely be controlled by the transcriptional activation of ACC synthase genes.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 May
PMID:Differential induction of seven 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes by elicitor in suspension cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). 920 43

Self-pollination of diploid zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey) florets leads to a dramatic rise in ethylene production, followed by abscission within 4 h. Neither wounding of the stigma, pollination with tetraploid pollen, nor heat-killed self pollen could elicit as much ethylene production and petal abscission as self-pollination. A cDNA sharing sequence identity with ACC synthase (GACS2) and three different cDNAs sharing sequence identity with ACC oxidase (GACO1, GACO2, GACO3) were isolated from geranium pistils. Transcripts hybridizing with these probes increased slightly in response to self-pollination, but the degree of accumulation in response to various treatments did not correlate with ethylene production. When calculated on a per-plant-part basis, transcripts hybridizing with GACS2 were equally distributed among the stigma+style, sterile ovary, and ovary tissues, but transcripts hybridizing with the three ACC oxidase clones were differentially distributed. All transcripts were differentially expressed among the other tissues of the plant, with GACO1 being the most widely distributed. Ethylene production in geranium pistils was not autocatalytic. Propylene failed to induce ethylene production and ethylene did not induce the accumulation of ACC synthase or ACC oxidase transcripts. ACC accumulated in the stigma and style, and to a smaller extent in the sterile ovary, after pollination. These data support a model of pollination-induced ethylene production by post-transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthetic gene expression.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 Aug
PMID:Effect of pollination on accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts, ethylene production and flower petal abscission in geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey). 929 Jun 38

Plants produce ethylene in response to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In response to ozone the foliage of potato plants sequentially expressed two ACC synthase genes (ST-ACS4, ST-ACS5). The same expression pattern of the two genes also occurred in response to Cu2+ and infection with Alternaria solani. ST-ACS5 expression increases very rapidly reaching a maximum earlier than ST-ACS4 transcripts, after which ST-ACS5 expression declines. ST-ACS4 expression increases at a slower rate and reaches its maximum after ST-ACS5. The sequential nature of expression argues that the two genes have different signal transduction and gene regulatory mechanisms.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 Dec
PMID:Sequential expression of two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves. 942 90

Using degenerate oligonucleotides that correspond to conserved amino acid residues of known 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases, we cloned a genomic fragment that encodes ACC synthase in Stellaria longipes. Southern analysis suggests that ACC synthase is encoded by a small gene family comprising about 4 members. We isolated four unique ACC synthase cDNA clones under different growth conditions from alpine and prairie ecotypes of S. longipes. Northern analyses suggest that ACC synthase genes are differentially and synergistically regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Such differential regulation of ACC synthase genes positively correlate with the levels of ACC and ethylene. Since ethylene has previously been shown to partly control the stem elongation plasticity in S. longipes, we propose that differential regulation of ACC synthase genes may represent one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity in S. longipes.
Plant Mol Biol 1998 Jan
PMID:Differential regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family and its role in phenotypic plasticity in Stellaria longipes. 948 38

Ethylene can be produced by a variety of developmental and environmental factors such as ripening, the plant hormone auxin, and mechanical wounding via a biosynthetic pathway including AdoMet synthase, ACC synthase, and ACC oxidase steps. ACC synthase and ACC oxidase are known to be encoded by multigene families, and are believed to be differentially expressed in response to various stimuli. In mung bean, ACC synthase is encoded by 7 genes, ACS1, ACS2 ACS3, ACS4, ACS5, ACS6, and ACS7, and ACC oxidase by 2 genes, ACO1 and ACO2. In this study, was have investigated differential accumulation of transcripts for ACC synthase and ACC oxidase homologs in etiolated mung bean hypocotyls under various conditions by the semiquantitative RT-PCR method. Primers which can specifically bind and amplify each cDNAs of ACS1, ACS2, ACS3, ACS4, ACS5, ACS6, ACS7, and ACO1, and ACO2 were designed and used to monitor the responses to various stimuli. Transcripts of ACO1 and ACO2 were accumulated constitutively in the hypocotyl segments even without andy treatment. After cold treatment on intact plant, transcripts of ACS5, ACS6, and ACS7 were accumulated in the hypocotyl segments. We also found the excision of hypocotyl segments and incubation in a buffer solution, a typical way of chemical treatments to hypocotyl segments, lowered the level of ACO2 transcripts with little change of the level of ACO1 transcripts. In response to incubation with IAA (0.1 mM) of excised hypocotyl segments, transcripts of ACS1, ACS6, and ACS7 were accumulated and the level of ACO2 transcripts was increased. Transcripts of ACS1, ACS2, ACS3, ACS5, ACS6 and ACS7 were induced by incubation with OGA (50 micrograms/ml), while the transcripts of ACS4 were accumulated and the level of ACO2 transcripts was increased by incubation with 1 mM LiCl. Our results strongly suggest that all seven ACC synthase genes and two ACC oxidase genes must be active and each gene is differentially regulated by a different subset of the inducing factors.
Mol Cells 1998 Jun 30
PMID:Differential accumulation of transcripts for ACC synthase and ACC oxidase homologs in etiolated mung bean hypocotyls in response to various stimuli. 966 74

Treatment of 5- to 6-day-old etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) induced within 15 min an increase in the transcript levels of two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase, Ps-ACS1 and Ps-ACS2. Simultaneous treatment with ethylene inhibited this increase and also caused a decrease in ACC synthase enzyme activity as compared to that of seedlings treated with IAA alone. These results indicate that ethylene inhibits its own biosynthesis by decreasing ACC synthase transcript levels via a negative feedback loop. Wounding of pea stems had no effect on the expression of Ps-ACS1, but led within 10 min to an increase in the mRNA levels of Ps-ACS2. This increase was also inhibited by ethylene. The wound signal was transmitted over a distance of at least 4 cm through the stem with no delay in induction or response intensity. The rapid transmission of the wound response is consistent with the possibility that a hydraulic or electric signal is responsible for the spread of the wound response.
Plant Mol Biol 1998 Dec
PMID:Differential regulation of genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase in etiolated pea seedlings: effects of indole-3-acetic acid, wounding, and ethylene. 986 4

The shelf life of Japanese pear fruit is determined by its level of ethylene production. Relatively high levels of ethylene reduce storage potential and fruit quality. We have identified RFLP markers tightly linked to the locus that determines the rate of ethylene evolution in ripening fruit of the Japanese pear. The study was carried out using sequences of two types of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase genes (PPACS1 and pPPACS2) and a ACC oxidase gene (PPAOX1) as probes on 35 Japanese pear cultivars expressing different levels of ethylene (0.0 to approximately 300 microl/kg fresh weight/h) in ripening fruit. When total DNA was digested with HindIII and probed with pPPACS1, we identified a band of 2.8 kb which was specific to cultivars having very high ethylene levels (> or = 10 microl/kg f.w./h) during fruit ripening. The probe pPPACS2 identified a band of 0.8 kb specific to cultivars with moderate ethylene levels (0.5 microl/kg f.w./h-10 microl/kg f.w./h) during fruit ripening. The cultivars that produce high levels of ethylene possess at least one additional copy of pPPACS1 and those producing moderate levels of ethylene have at least one additional copy of pPPACS2. These results suggest that RFLP analysis with different ACC synthase genes could be useful for predicting the maximum ethylene level during fruit ripening in Japanese pear.
Mol Gen Genet 1999 Feb
PMID:Identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase genes controlling the ethylene level of ripening fruit in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). 1007 Dec 8

Physiological and biochemical studies have provided evidence that mechanical strain (touch)-induced modifications in plant growth and development may be due to ethylene. In order to better understand the involvement of ethylene in touch-induced responses, we identified and characterized an Arabidopsis cDNA (ACS6) encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase which is an important regulatory enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. Northern analysis showed that ACS6 was induced by touch in the leaves of 3-week old light-grown plants within 5 min and reached maximum transcription at 15 min. ACC, which is the product of ACC synthase and the immediate precursor to ethylene, exhibited a dramatic rise between 15 and 30 min after touch stimulation. Experiments with multiple touch treatments showed that a saturation in gene expression was obtained with one touch treatment and subsequent touch stimulations were progressively less effective in promoting ACS6 expression. Additional characterization of ACS6 gene expression indicated that the gene is also induced by wounding, and by treatment with LiCl, NaCl, CuCl2, auxin, cycloheximide (CHX), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and ethylene. ACC levels were also increased in response to each of these treatments with the exception of CHX and AOA which resulted in a decrease and no effect, respectively. Our results show that ACS6 is rapidly turned on in response to touch which is followed by an increase in ACC which is the immediate precursor to ethylene, thereby providing evidence that it is responsible for touch-inducible ethylene production in light-grown Arabidopsis plants. The identification and characterization of ACS6 now provides us with a tool to better understand the involvement of ethylene produced in response to external stimuli as well as during plant growth and development.
Plant Mol Biol 1999 Jan
PMID:A multi-responsive gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS6) in mature Arabidopsis leaves. 1008 Jun 89


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