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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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Acute or chronic exposure of potato plants to ozone (O3) induces ethylene production. We isolated a 1586 bp cDNA (pOIP-1) encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase from a cDNA library constructed with mRNA extracted from O3-treated leaves. The clone has a 1365 bp open reading frame and a 221 bp trailing sequence. The active site found in all ACC synthases and 11 of the 12 amino acid residues conserved in aminotransferases are found in pOIP-1. Northern analysis showed that the mRNA encoding ACC synthase was detectable 1 h after the onset of O3 exposure, and the message increased over time as did ethylene production. Concurrent with the increased ACC synthase mRNA was a decrease in the message for the Rubisco small subunit (rbcS) with no change in the large subunit (rbcL). When the plants were treated with aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), both ethylene production and level of ACC synthase transcript were inhibited. The decline in rbcS was also inhibited by AOA suggesting a correlation between ethylene production and loss of rbcS. Based on nuclear run-on studies it appears that the increase in ACC synthase mRNA may result from O3-induced transcriptional activity.
Plant Mol Biol 1995 Apr
PMID:Molecular cloning of an ozone-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase cDNA and its relationship with a loss of rbcS in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants. 778 91

Two genomic clones corresponding to three members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have been isolated and sequenced. Two highly homologous genes, ST-ACS1A and ST-ACS1B, transcribed in opposite directions were found in an 8.9 kb region. Their coding sequences are interrupted by two introns at identical positions. Their closest relative in tomato is the LE-ACS3 gene. The third gene in potato, ST-ACS2, was found in a 4 kb region and shows a gene structure similar to that of the tomato LE-ACS4 gene and to the mung bean VR-ACS4 and VR-ACS5 genes. Based on its lack of significant homology to the tomato gene family and its closeness to the VR-ACS4 and VR-ACS5 genes, we propose that LE-ACS7 represents an additional isoform in the tomato genome. Moreover, in a phylogenetic comparison of known ACC synthases, the ST-ACS2 isoform was grouped in a separate lineage together with the mung bean VR-ACS4 and VR-ACS5, and the moth orchid DS-ACS1A and DS-ACS1B gene products. Expression of the three potato genes was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on total RNA. The twin genes are positively regulated by indole-3-acetic acid in hypocotyls and expression is modulated by wounding in the leaves. The third gene is responsive to ethylene and wounding mainly in tubers. The roles of these three genes and of other members of the ACC synthase gene family in vegetative processes of potato such as tuberization, dormancy, and sprouting have yet to be determined.
Mol Gen Genet 1995 Feb 20
PMID:Characterization of three members of the ACC synthase gene family in Solanum tuberosum L. 789 63

Degenerate oligonucleotides to highly conserved regions of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14), the key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis, were used to prime the synthesis and amplification of fragments of about 1,180 bp by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in samples of cDNA to total RNA isolated from senescing carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) flowers. Two putative ACC synthase PCR clones were isolated one of which was identical to the sequence of a carnation ACC synthase cDNA clone (CARACC3) recently isolated by Park et al. (Plant Mol Biol 18 (1992) 377-386). The other clone (CARAS1) was ca. 66% homologous at the amino acid level to CARACC3. For both ACC synthase clones, specific oligonucleotides were synthesized and, using PCR, we were able to distinguish between the two ACC synthase transcripts in samples of total RNA isolated from different carnation flower parts and leaves. DNA blots of PCR fragments revealed that, in flowers, both ageing and ethylene stimulated the occurrence of these transcripts in an organ-specific way. CARACC3 was more abundant in RNA from the petals whereas CARAS1 was more abundant in RNA from the styles. Despite a high ethylene production observed in ovaries, the level of both transcripts was low, suggesting the existence of a third ACC synthase gene that is specifically expressed in the ovary. Transcript levels in leaves were low irrespective of treatment.
Plant Mol Biol 1994 Oct
PMID:Molecular cloning of two different ACC synthase PCR fragments in carnation flowers and organ-specific expression of the corresponding genes. 794 91

Crystals of recombinant 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from apple have been obtained with polyethylene glycol as precipitant using a combination of vapour diffusion and macroseeding techniques. The crystals are of space group P2(1), with unit-cell constants a = 53.7 A, b = 69.3 A, c = 123.7 A and beta = 89.9 degrees. The asymmetric unit content is a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase dimer with a molecular mass of 94 kDa. Diffraction extends to 2.2 A resolution.
J Mol Biol 1994 Nov 11
PMID:Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of recombinant 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from apple. A key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene. 796 11

ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) synthase is the key regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of the plant hormone ethylene and is encoded by a highly divergent multigene family in tomato (Rottmann, W. H., Peter, G. F., Oeller, P. W., Keller, J. A., Shen, N. F., Nagy, B. P., Taylor, L. P., Campbell, A. D., and Theologis, A. (1991) J. Mol. Biol. 222, 937-961). Two members of the family, LE-ACS2 and LE-ACS4, are induced during fruit ripening and upon treatment of mature green fruits with exogenous ethylene (C2H4) in a dose-dependent manner. Both genes are superinduced by wounding of pericarp tissue during various stages of ripening. The wound-induced accumulation of LE-ACS2 mRNA is more rapid and greater than that of LE-ACS4. Both mRNAs accumulate in the absence of protein synthesis, suggesting that their induction is a primary response to the inducer. The LE-ACS4 gene was isolated and structurally characterized. The function of the LE-ACS4 protein (53,509 Da, pI 5.4) was verified by expression experiments in Escherichia coli. The promoters of LE-ACS2 and LE-ACS4 contain potential cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for induction by ethylene, wounding, and anaerobiosis. In addition, elements for binding the transcriptional factors EmBP1, GBF-1, and OCSBF-1 are also present. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 ACC synthases from dicots and monocots indicate that the LE-ACS2 and LE-ACS4 proteins belong to an unique sublineage that includes an additional member of the tobacco family, NT-ACS1. The divergence of this sublineage is a relatively recent event in the evolution of ACC synthase protein.
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PMID:LE-ACS4, a fruit ripening and wound-induced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Expression in Escherichia coli, structural characterization, expression characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. 836 90

The plant hormone ethylene is believed to be responsible for the ability of rice to grow in the deepwater regions of Southeast Asia. Ethylene production is induced by hypoxia, which is caused by flooding, because of enhanced activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, the key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. We have cloned three divergent members, (OS-ACS1, OS-ACS2, and OS-ACS3), of a multigene family encoding ACC synthase in rice. OS-ACS1 resides on chromosome 3 and OS-ACS3 on chromosome 5 in the rice genome. The OS-ACS1 and OS-ACS3 genes are induced by anaerobiosis and indoleacetic acid (IAA) + benzyladenine (BA) + LiCl treatment. The anaerobic induction is differential and tissue specific; OS-ACS1 is induced in the shoots, whereas OS-ACS3 is induced in the roots. These inductions are insensitive to protein synthesis inhibitors, suggesting that they are primary responses to the inducers. All three genes are actually induced when protein synthesis is inhibited, indicating that they may be under negative control or that their mRNAs are unstable. The OS-ACS1 gene was structurally characterized, and the function of its encoded protein (M(r) = 53 112 Da, pI 8.2) was confirmed by expression experiments in Escherichia coli. The protein contains all eleven invariant amino acid residues that are conserved between aminotransferases and ACC synthases cloned from various dicotyledonous plants. The amino acid sequence shares significant identity to other ACC synthases (69-34%) and is more similar to sequences in other plant species (69% with the tomato LE-ACS3) than to other rice ACC synthases (50-44%). The data suggest that the extraordinary degree of divergence among ACC synthase isoenzymes within each species arose early in plant evolution and before the divergence of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
Mol Biol Cell 1993 Apr
PMID:Anaerobiosis and plant growth hormones induce two genes encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.). 838 18

The key enzyme regulating ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase. In mung bean (MB), the existence of three genes encoding this enzyme has previously been reported [Botella et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18 (1992) 793-797], one of which corresponds to a full-length indole-3-acetic acid-inducible cDNA [Botella et al., Plant Mol. Biol. (1992) 425-436]. In this paper we report the cloning of two new genomic sequences coding for ACC synthase in MB (MAC-4 and MAC-5). MAC-4 is 1340 bp long and encodes 388 amino acids (aa) while MAC-5 is 1393 bp long and encodes for 391 aa. Genomic Southern analysis suggests the existence of only one copy of each gene in the genome.
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PMID:Identification of two new members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-encoding multigene family in mung bean. 842 66

Two partial 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase cDNA clones (pWAS1, 1089 bp; and pWAS3, 779 bp) were isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cDNA to total mRNA purified from etiolated wheat seedlings as template and degenerate oligonucleotides synthesized based on the regions of the ACC synthase amino acid sequence that are highly conserved among different plants. Northern analysis showed that the expression of the corresponding genes are differentially regulated. While the transcripts of pWAS1 were found in all the tissues of wheat that were tested with a maximum level at the early stages of spike development, pWAS3 mRNA was present almost exclusively in the root. A 5590 bp genomic clone, TA-ACS2, corresponding to pWAS3 cDNA has been isolated. The TA-ACS2 sequence consists of a 589-bp 5'-upstream region, 2743 bp of transcribed region with four exons and three introns and a 3'-downstream region of 2257 bp. Expression in Escherichia coli confirmed the ACC synthase activity of TA-ACS2 polypeptide. Sequence comparisons show that the two wheat ACC synthases are more similar to each other and to the rice ACC synthase, OS-ACS1, at the nucleotide level than at the amino acid level. The amino acid sequence of TA-ACS2 is most similar (66.1% identity) to that of broccoli. The chromosomal location of both wheat ACC synthase genes have been determined by aneuploid analysis. TA-ACS1 is located on the short arm of chromosomes 7A and 7D and on the long arm of chromosome 4A. TA-ACS2 is located on the long arm of homoeologous group 2 chromosomes.
Plant Mol Biol 1996 Aug
PMID:Isolation of two differentially expressed wheat ACC synthase cDNAs and the characterization of one of their genes with root-predominant expression. 884 43

Deepwater rice can grow in the regions of Southeast Asia that are flooded during the monsoon season because it has several adaptations allowing it to survive under flooded conditions. One such adaptation is the ability for rapid internode elongation upon partial submergence to maintain its foliage above the rising flood water levels. Ethylene is considered to be the trigger of this growth response because deepwater conditions not only trap ethylene in submerged organs, but also enhance the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase. Herein we have studied the expression characteristics of two members of the five-member multigene family encoding ACC synthase in rice OS-ACS1 and OS-ACS2 and show that partial submergence induces expression of OS-ACS1 and suppresses expression of OS-ACS2. The induction of OS-ACS1 occurs within 12 h of partial submergence and at low oxygen concentrations. The data also suggest that deepwater conditions posttranscriptionally regulate ACC synthase activity. OS-ACS1 gene expression may contribute to longer-term ethylene production, but not to the initial, growth-promoting increase in ethylene synthesis.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 Jan
PMID:Expression characteristics of OS-ACS1 and OS-ACS2, two members of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Habiganj Aman II) during partial submergence. 903 60

Passe-Crassane pears require a 3-month chilling treatment at 0 degrees C to be able to produce ethylene and ripen autonomously after subsequent rewarming. The chilling treatment strongly stimulated ACC oxidase activity, and to a lesser extent ACC synthase activity. At the same time, the levels of mRNAs hybridizing to ACC synthase and ACC oxidase probes increased dramatically. Fruit stored at 18 degrees C immediately after harvest did not exhibit any of these changes, while fruit that had been previously chilled exhibited a burst of ethylene production associated with high activity of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase upon rewarming. ACC oxidase mRNA strongly accumulated in rewarmed fruits, while ACC synthase mRNA level decreased. The chilling-induced accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts was strongly reduced when ethylene action was blocked during chilling with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Upon rewarming ACC synthase and ACC oxidase transcripts rapidly disappeared in 1-MCP-treated fruits. A five-week treatment of non-chilled fruits with the ethylene analog propylene led to increased expression of ACC oxidase and to ripening. However, ethylene synthesis, ACC synthase activity and ACC synthase mRNAs remained at very low level. Our data indicate that ACC synthase gene expression is regulated by ethylene only during, or after chilling treatment, while ACC oxidase gene expression can be induced separately by either chilling or ethylene.
Plant Mol Biol 1997 Mar
PMID:Effects of chilling on the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes in Passe-Crassane pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruits. 910 8


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