Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By a combination of DNase I footprinting, methylation interference, and gel shift analyses we have identified multiple binding sites for nuclear proteins within the promoter region of the human neurofilament H gene. Two sites likely bind the transcription factor Sp1 while two others may be targets for previously unrecognized DNA binding proteins. One site, PAL, occurs within the 10 bp sequence GGGGAGGAGG. Two copies of the PAL sequence form an interrupted palindrome around one of the Sp1 sites. A second site, PROX, is found within the sequence GGTTGGACC. Nuclear extracts prepared from both neural and non-neural cell lines, mouse brain, and mouse liver contain proteins that recognize and bind to the PROX and PAL sequences indicating that proteins which bind to these target sequences are widespread. The appearance of these target sequences in the 5' upstream region of several neuron specific genes suggests that they play key roles in the transcription of neuron specific genes. The functional activity of these target DNA sequences was demonstrated by transfection assays using a reporter gene fused to nested deletions of the NF(H) promoter region. Interestingly, these assays revealed that maximal transient expression was obtained with DNA fusion genes containing the PAL, PROX and TATA sequences. Inclusion of the Sp1 sites into the fusion genes failed to enhance the expression of the reporter gene. To determine if the NF(H) promoter can be activated in a tissue specific manner during development transgenic mice containing the promoter region linked to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene were generated. In one line sporadic expression of the transgene occurred in the CNS and testis while in four other lines no expression occurred. Collectively these results suggest that the NF(H) gene promoter is active in a tissue specific manner only by interactions with regulatory elements that lie further upstream or downstream of the start site of initiation.
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1992 Sep
PMID:Novel DNA binding proteins participate in the regulation of human neurofilament H gene expression. 127 52

Infective (nodulating) Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae (R.l. viciae) bacteria release Nod factors which stimulate the release of nodulation gene-inducing flavanones and chalcones from roots of the host plant Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (K. Recourt et al., Plant Mol Biol 16: 841-852; H.P. Spaink et al., Nature 354: 125-130). The hypothesis that this release results from increased synthesis of flavonoids was tested by studying the effect of inoculation of V. sativa with infective and uninfective R.l. viciae bacteria on (i) activity of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, (ii) level of chalcone synthase mRNA, and (iii) activity of (eriodictyol) methyltransferase in roots. Consistent with the hypothesis, each of these parameters was found to increase 1.5 to 2-fold upon inoculation with infective R.l. viciae bacteria relative to the situation for uninoculated roots and for roots inoculated with uninfective rhizobia.
Plant Mol Biol 1992 Jun
PMID:Activation of flavonoid biosynthesis in roots of Vicia sativa subsp. nigra plants by inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae. 137 64

The excC mutants of Escherichia coli are hypersensitive to drugs such as cholic acid and release periplasmic proteins into the extracellular medium. A 1884 bp fragment carrying the excC gene was isolated and sequenced. It contains the 3' end of the tolB gene which maps at min 17 on the E. coli map and an open reading frame which encodes the 18,748 Da ExcC protein. The protein is composed of a hydrophobic region of 22 residues and displayed an overall hydrophilic configuration. It was shown that the ExcC protein is indeed the PAL (peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein) described by Mizuno (1979). The pal gene had not yet been characterized on the E. coli linkage map since no obvious phenotype could be identified for mutations in this gene. A topologic analysis of the PAL protein using PAL-PhoA translational fusions showed that PAL is associated with the outer membrane only by its N-terminal moiety. The carboxy-terminal part of the protein is necessary for correct interaction of PAL with the peptidoglycan layer.
Mol Microbiol 1992 Mar
PMID:The excC gene of Escherichia coli K-12 required for cell envelope integrity encodes the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (PAL). 157 3

Changes in gene expression induced by mechanical injury and heat shock were studied by comparing the expression of several stress-responsive gene families in potato tubers. The steady-state levels of mRNA-encoding ubiquitin, HSP70, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased and patatin transcript levels decreased within 45 minutes of impact injury. Nuclear runoff assays were used to demonstrate that the changes in steady-state transcript levels were due, at least in part, to changes in the rate of transcription for these genes. The observed changes in transcript levels were confined to the injured portion of the tuber. Treatment of tubers with exogenous ethylene elicited the same changes in the steady-state transcript levels as impact injury, indicating a potential role for this hormone in the injury-induced regulation of these genes. Two other forms of physical stress, heat shock and cutting injury, resulted in patterns of gene expression that are different from those induced by impact injury. The stress-induced regulation of these four gene families is complex, even though several characteristics of their expression are similar.
Plant Mol Biol 1991 Jun
PMID:Comparison of the expression of several stress-responsive genes in potato tubers. 165 Jun 14

An expression library containing cDNAs derived from transcripts from fungal elicitor-treated alfalfa cell suspension cultures was screened with an antiserum raised against phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from alfalfa. A single immunoreactive clone was isolated which encoded a full-length PAL cDNA (APAL1) consisting of a 2175 bp open reading frame, 96 bp 5'-untranslated leader and 128 bp 3'-non-coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence was 86.5% similar to that of the PAL2 gene of bean, and encoded a polypeptide of Mr 78,865. A second PAL cDNA species was isolated, whose 3'-untranslated region was 86% identical to that of APAL1. Southern blot analysis indicated that PAL is encoded by a small multigene family in alfalfa. PAL transcript levels were rapidly and massively induced, and preceded increased PAL extractable activity, on exposure of alfalfa suspension cells to elicitor from baker's yeast. PAL transcripts were most abundant in roots, stems and petioles during growth and development of alfalfa seedlings. These studies provide the basis for an examination of the developmental and environmental control of a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid synthesis in a plant species which is readily amenable to stable genetic transformation.
Plant Mol Biol 1991 Sep
PMID:Stress responses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) 12. Sequence analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) cDNA clones and appearance of PAL transcripts in elicitor-treated cell cultures and developing plants. 171 86

In tomato, resistance to the wilt fungus Verticillium albo-atrum is determined primarily by the Ve locus. When two tomato near-isolines which differ at this locus and in their susceptibility to the pathogen were compared, more rapid suberin coating in the xylem of resistant plants correlated closely with a more rapid increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), an enzyme which is essential to the suberization process. In contrast, levels of mRNA did not increase proportionally to the measured enzyme activities; rather, there was a substantial suppression of mRNA levels in the susceptible tomato line, consistent with a much lower elevation of PAL activity and significantly less vascular coating. The suppression was absent or substantially reduced in the resistant line. The results indicate that the pathogen can suppress defense genes in susceptible plants but suggest that their expression is altered in resistant hosts and that post-transcriptional regulation plays a significant role.
Plant Mol Biol 1992 Jan
PMID:Reduced PAL gene suppression in Verticillium-infected resistant tomatoes. 173 93

Genes for acidic, extracellular and basic, intracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of tobacco were studied for their response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection, ethephon treatment, wounding and UV light. The genes encoding the acidic PR proteins (PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4 and PR-5) responded similarly to the different forms of stress. They appeared to be highly inducible by TMV, moderately inducible by ethephon treatment and UV light and not inducible by wounding. The genes for the basic counterparts of PR-1, PR-2, PR-3 and PR-5 also displayed a common stress response. However, this response was different from that of the acidic PR proteins. Here, the highest induction was obtained upon ethephon treatment, while the other stress conditions resulted in somewhat lower levels of expression. Most genes for acidic PR proteins are systemically induced in the uninfected upper leaves of TMV-infected plants, whereas the genes encoding the basic PR proteins are not. Increased levels of resistance to TMV, comparable to resistance obtained by pre-infection with the virus, were found in UV-irradiated leaves but not in wounded or ethephon-treated leaves. This indicates that the basic PR proteins are not involved in resistance to TMV infection. Tobacco phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes were not inducible by the various stress conditions. The implications of these findings in relation to the phenomenon of acquired resistance are discussed.
Plant Mol Biol 1991 Dec
PMID:Differential induction of acquired resistance and PR gene expression in tobacco by virus infection, ethephon treatment, UV light and wounding. 193 89

We have investigated the expression of a gene that codes for a glycine-rich structural protein (GRP1) in petunia. This gene is expressed as a single polyadenylated RNA of approximately 1,600 bases which was found to be present in leaves, stems, and flowers of petunia but not in roots. In the organs in which GRP1-specific mRNA was expressed, its steady-state levels were highest in stems and leaves and lowest in flowers. This analysis also revealed that the pattern of organ-specific expression for several of the GRP1-related genes was distinctly different. In addition, it was found that the levels of GRP1 RNA were significantly higher in young leaves and stems than in old, implying developmental regulation of the gene. GRP1-specific RNA in both old and young tissue that had been wounded was found to be increased at least 25-fold over that in young unwounded tissue. Increased levels of GRP1 mRNA were seen within 5 min after wounding, with substantial increases apparent by 30 min. Maximal levels of accumulation of GRP1 transcripts occurred 90 min after wounding. The enhancement of GRP1 mRNA levels by wounding appears to be one of the earliest events of the plant wound response and is distinct from that which we observed for the PAL gene in petunia. Using S1 analysis and RNA primer extension, we demonstrated that the same transcriptional start site was used by the GRP1 gene in all organs and in wounded and unwounded tissue. The potential significance of these data with regard to wound signal transduction is discussed.
Mol Cell Biol 1987 Dec
PMID:Expression of a gene encoding a glycine-rich protein in petunia. 244 3

Activation of plant defense genes was investigated by analysis of transcripts completed in vitro by isolated nuclei. Elicitor treatment of suspension-cultured bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cells caused marked transient stimulation of transcription of genes encoding apoproteins of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP) and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS), concomitant with the onset of rapid accumulation of the respective mRNAs and hence expression of the phytoalexin (PAL, CHS), lignin (PAL), and HRGP defense responses. While there was a lag of 2 h prior to stimulation of HRGP gene transcription, induction of the transcription of PAL and CHS genes occurred within 5 min of elicitor treatment. Induction of transcription of PAL, CHS, and HRGP genes was also observed in wounded hypocotyls and in infected hypocotyls during race-cultivar-specific interactions with the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose. Transcriptional activation occurred not only in directly infected tissue but also in distant, hitherto uninfected tissue, indicating intercellular transmission of an endogenous signal for defense gene activation. It is concluded that transcriptional activation of defense genes characteristically underlies induction of the corresponding defense responses and expression of disease resistance.
Mol Cell Biol 1987 Jan
PMID:Transcriptional activation of plant defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding, and infection. 356 93

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase catalyze the first reaction of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and the first reaction of a branch pathway specific for flavonoid-isoflavonoid biosynthesis, respectively. These enzymes are key control elements in the synthesis of kievitone, phaseollin, and related isoflavonoid-derived phytoalexins. RNA blot hybridization with 32P-labeled cDNA sequences was used to demonstrate marked accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs in excision-wounded hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (dwarf French bean) and during race-cultivar-specific interactions between hypocotyls of P. vulgaris and the partially biotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of anthracnose. In an incompatible interaction (host resistant), early concomitant accumulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase mRNAs, localized mainly but not entirely in tissue adjacent to the site of infection, was observed prior to the onset of phytoalexin accumulation and expression of localized, hypersensitive resistance. In contrast, in a compatible interaction (host susceptible) there was no early accumulation of these transcripts; instead, there was a delayed widespread response associated with phytoalexin accumulation during attempted lesion limitation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized in vitro by translation of isolated polysomal RNA demonstrated stimulation of the synthesis of characteristic sets of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase isopolypeptides in directly infected tissue and distant, hitherto uninfected tissue in both compatible and incompatible interactions. Our data show that specific accumulation of plant defense gene transcripts is a key early component in the sequence of events leading to expression of defense responses in wounded tissue and in infected tissue during race-cultivar-specific interactions and that an elicitation signal is transmitted intercellularly in response to infection.
Mol Cell Biol 1986 May
PMID:Differential accumulation of plant defense gene transcripts in a compatible and an incompatible plant-pathogen interaction. 378 74


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