Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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SARS-CoV-2, a new strain of a Coronaviridae virus which presents 79% genetic similarity to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been recently recognized as the cause of a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) implying a major threat to the world public health. SARS-CoV-2 infects host human cells by binding through the viral spike proteins to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor, fuses with the cell membrane, enters and starts its replication process in order to multiply its viral load. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was initially considered a respiratory infection that could cause pneumonia. However, in severe cases, it extends beyond the respiratory system and becomes a multi-organ disease. This transition from localized respiratory infection to multi-organ disease is due to two main complications of COVID-19. On the one hand, the so-called cytokine storm: an uncontrolled inflammatory reaction of the immune system in which defensive molecules become aggressive for the body itself. On the other hand, the formation of a large number of thrombi that can cause myocardial infarction, stroke and pulmonary embolism (PE). The pulmonary endothelium actively participates in these two processes, becoming the last barrier before the virus spreads throughout the body. In this review, we examine the role of the pulmonary endothelium in response to COVID-19, the existence of potential biomarkers and the development of novel therapies to restore vascular homeostasis and to protect/treat these patients. Additionally, we review the thrombotic complications recently observed in COVID-19 patients and its potential threatening sequelae. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020 Nov 12
PMID:Pulmonary Endothelial Dysfunction and Thrombotic Complications in COVID-19 Patients. 3318 May 62

The search for effective coronavirus disease (COVID-19) therapy has attracted a great deal of scientific interest due to its unprecedented health care system overload worldwide. We have carried out a study to investigate the in silico effects of the most abundant pomegranate peel extract constituents on the multi-step process of serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) internalization in the host cells. Binding affinities and interactions of ellagic acid, gallic acid, punicalagin and punicalin were studied on four selected protein targets with a significant and confirmed role in the process of the entry of virus into a host cell. The protein targets used in this study were: SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, furin and transmembrane serine protease 2. The results showed that the constituents of pomegranate peel extracts, namely punicalagin and punicalin had very promising potential for significant interactions with the selected protein targets and were therefore deemed good candidates for further in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Mol Cell Biochem 2020 Nov 16
PMID:Computational study of pomegranate peel extract polyphenols as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 virus internalization. 3320 Mar 79

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a global public health emergency. Despite being caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), besides the lung, this infectious disease also has severe implications in cardiovascular system. In this review, we summarize diverse clinical complications of heart and vascular system, as well as the relevant high mortality, in COVID-19 patients. Systemic inflammation and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-involved signaling networking in SARS-CoV-2 infection and cardiovascular system may contribute to the manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, integration of clinical observations and experimental findings can promote our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, which would aid in identifying and treating the cardiovascular injury in patients with COVID-19 appropriately.
J Mol Cell Biol 2020 Nov 23
PMID:COVID-19 and cardiovascular diseases. 3322 78

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and the reality of the situation has finally caught up to the widespread reach of the disease. The presentation of the disease is highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to critical COVID-19. The availability of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors may reportedly increase the susceptibility and/or disease progression of COVID-19. Comorbidities and risk factors have also been noted to increase COVID-19 susceptibility. In this paper, we hereby review the evidence pertaining to ACE2's relationship to common comorbidities, risk factors, and therapies associated with severe and critical COVID-19. We also highlight gaps of knowledge that require further investigation. The primary comorbidities of respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension had strong evidence. The secondary risk factors of age, sex, and genetics had limited-to-moderate evidence. The tertiary factors of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers had limited-to-moderate evidence. Ibuprofen and thiazolidinediones had limited evidence.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020 Nov 25
PMID:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and COVID-19: Patients, Comorbidities, and Therapies. 3323 15


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