Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three acidic glycosidases: beta-galactosidase (beta-GAL, EC 3.2.1.23), alpha-neuraminidase (NEUR, sialidase, EC 3.2.1.18), N-acetylaminogalacto-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS, EC 3.1.6.4) and serine carboxypepidase cathepsin A (EC 3.4.16.1) form a functional high molecular weight complex in the lysosomes. The major constituent of this complex is cathepsin A, the so-called "lysosomal protective protein" (PPCA). By forming a multienzyme complex, it protects the glycosidases from rapid intralysosomal proteolysis, and it is also required for the intracellular sorting and proteolytic processing of their precursors. In man, a deficiency of cathepsin A leads to a combined deficiency of beta-GAL and NEUR activities, called "galactosialidosis". Multiple mutations identified in the cathepsin A gene are the molecular basis of this lysosomal storage disease. This review describes the structural organization of the lysosomal high molecular weight multienzyme complex and the importance of the protective protein/cathepsin A in physiology and pathology.
Cell Mol Biol Lett 2003
PMID:Lysosomal high molecular weight multienzyme complex. 1265 52

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) is a conserved post-translational modification to anchor cell surface proteins to plasma membrane in all eukaryotes. In yeast, GPI mediates cross-linking of cell wall mannoproteins to beta1,6-glucan. We reported previously that the GWT1 gene product is a target of the novel anti-fungal compound, 1-[4-butylbenzyl]isoquinoline, that inhibits cell wall localization of GPI-anchored mannoproteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Tsukahara, K., Hata, K., Sagane, K., Watanabe, N., Kuromitsu, J., Kai, J., Tsuchiya, M., Ohba, F., Jigami, Y., Yoshimatsu, K., and Nagasu, T. (2003) Mol. Microbiol. 48, 1029-1042). In the present study, to analyze the function of the Gwt1 protein, we isolated temperature-sensitive gwt1 mutants. The gwt1 cells were normal in transport of invertase and carboxypeptidase Y but were delayed in transport of GPI-anchored protein, Gas1p, and were defective in its maturation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. The incorporation of inositol into GPI-anchored proteins was reduced in gwt1 mutant, indicating involvement of GWT1 in GPI biosynthesis. We analyzed the early steps of GPI biosynthesis in vitro by using membranes prepared from gwt1 and Deltagwt1 cells. The synthetic activity of GlcN-(acyl)PI from GlcN-PI was defective in these cells, whereas Deltagwt1 cells harboring GWT1 gene restored the activity, indicating that GWT1 is required for acylation of inositol during the GPI synthetic pathway. We further cloned GWT1 homologues in other yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and confirmed that the specificity of acyl-CoA in inositol acylation, as reported in studies of endogenous membranes (Franzot, S. P., and Doering, T. L. (1999) Biochem. J. 340, 25-32), is due to the properties of Gwt1p itself and not to other membrane components.
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PMID:GWT1 gene is required for inositol acylation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors in yeast. 1271 89

In an attempt to increase the content in essential amino acids methionine and tryptophan of the trimeric storage protein phaseolin, we fused a Met- and Trp-rich sequence to the C-terminus of a phaseolin variant lacking its vacuolar sorting signal, with the aim to target the protein for secretion and accumulation into the apoplast. The fate of the mutant protein, denominated Y3, was studied in transiently transfected tobacco protoplasts. We report that the presence of the additional sequence causes structural defects which inhibit trimerization and lead to partial aggregation of Y3. The protein interacts with the ER chaperone BiP prior to being degraded very rapidly, in a process that does not require vesicular transport from the ER. The rate of degradation of Y3 is higher than that observed for another assembly defective mutant of phaseolin, delta360, which remains monomeric and does not aggregate. This indicates that the plant ER quality control machinery can dispose of defective proteins with different kinetics and perhaps mechanisms, depending on the nature of their defect.
Plant Mol Biol 2003 Apr
PMID:C-terminal extension of phaseolin with a short methionine-rich sequence can inhibit trimerisation and result in high instability. 1277 49

Intracellular membrane fusion requires that membrane-bound soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins on both vesicle and target membranes form a highly specific complex necessary to bring the membranes close in space. Ykt6p is a yeast R-SNARE protein that has been implicated in retrograde transport to the cis-Golgi compartment. Ykt6p has been also been found to fractionate with vacuole membranes and participate in a vacuolar SNARE complex in homotypic vacuole fusion. To investigate the role of Ykt6p in membrane traffic to the vacuole we generated temperature-sensitive mutations in YKT6. One mutation produces an early Golgi block to secretion, and overexpression of the SNARE protein Sft1p suppresses the growth and secretion defects of this mutation. These results are consistent with Ykt6p and Sft1p participating in a SNARE complex associated with retrograde transport to the cis-Golgi. A second set of mutations in YKT6 specifically affects post-Golgi membrane traffic to the vacuole, and the effects of these mutations are not suppressed by Sft1p overexpression. Defects are seen in carboxypeptidase Y sorting, alkaline phosphatase transport, and aminopeptidase I delivery, and in one mutant, overexpression of the SNARE protein Nyv1p suppresses the alkaline phosphatase transport defect. By mutationally separating early and late requirements for Ykt6p, our findings have revealed that Ykt6p is a R-SNARE protein that functions directly in the three biosynthetic pathways to the vacuole.
Mol Biol Cell 2003 May
PMID:Ykt6p is a multifunctional yeast R-SNARE that is required for multiple membrane transport pathways to the vacuole. 1280 61

Anticancer bleomycins and structurally-related analogs are oxidative agents that mimic ionizing radiation in many of their cellular effects. The current study was designed to better understand this class of radiomimetic and oxidative drugs, and how cells defend against them to become resistant. Based on some of the properties conferred by the blm5-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a multi-step cloning strategy was developed to search for genes that protect cells against oxidative damage and lethal effects of bleomycin treatments. The strategy employed blm5-1 mutant strains to search for genes that rescued the drug hypersensitivities conferred by the mutation, and utilized the inability of homozygous blm5-1 mutant diploid strains to grow at elevated temperatures. This approach identified the VPS3, VPS8 and PEP7 genes that function in vesicular trafficking between the endosome and the yeast vacuole via the carboxypeptidase Y (CpY) pathway. Mutant blm5-1 strains possess several phenotypic characteristics consistent with CpY mutants, including reduced mitotic growth rates and sporulative abilities. However, blm5-1 strains were not found to be defective in the transport of CpY into the vacuole. We suggest that the ability of the VPS3, VPS8 and PEP7 genes to rescue lethal effects of oxidative damage resulted from the overexpression of these genes.
Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2003 Nov
PMID:Overexpression of genes involved in vesicular trafficking to the vacuole defends against lethal effects of oxidative damage. 1468 84

The vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-dependent proton pumps responsible for acidification of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. To investigate the functional roles of the V-ATPase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the gene vma1 encoding subunit A or vma3 encoding subunit c was disrupted. Both deletion mutants lost the capacity for vacuolar acidification in vivo, and showed sensitivity to neutral pH or high concentrations of divalent cations including Ca2+. The delivery of FM4-64 to the vacuolar membrane and accumulation of Lucifer Yellow CH were strongly inhibited in the vma1 and vma3 mutants. Moreover, deletion of the S. pombe vma1+ or vma3+ gene resulted in pleiotropic phenotypes consistent with lack of vacuolar acidification, including the missorting of vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y, abnormal vacuole morphology, and mating defects. These findings suggest that V-ATPase is essential for endocytosis, ion and pH homeostasis, and for intracellular targeting of vacuolar proteins and vacuolar biogenesis in S. pombe.
Mol Genet Genomics 2004 Mar
PMID:Characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutants defective in vacuolar acidification and protein sorting. 1473 54

As a response to an infection, the immune system produces antibodies. The determination of the antigenic structure recognized by the antibody through epitope mapping provides information about the interaction between antigen and antibody for the diagnosis of a disease on a molecular level, for characterizing the pathogenesis of the infectious material, and for the development of interfering drugs or preventative vaccines. Here we present the determination of the fine structure of the linear epitope located on the gp41 protein of the human immunodeficiency virus recognized by the monoclonal antibody 2F5. In this approach we coupled the antigen SOSgp140 to the antibody 2F5, which was covalently linked to an Fc-specific antibody immobilized on cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated Sepharose beads. Digestion of the antigen with endoproteinase LysC resulted in an affinity-bound peptide whose fine structure was characterized by digestion with carboxypeptidase Y and aminopeptidase M. All steps of this method were monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS). The epitope recognized by 2F5 was identified to be the 16-mer peptide with the sequence NEQELLELDKWASLWN.
Methods Mol Med 2004
PMID:Determination of epitopes by mass spectrometry. 1495 25

Protein tyrosine nitration increases in vivo as a result of oxidative stress and is elevated in numerous inflammatory-associated diseases. Mammalian fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases are tyrosine nitrated in lung epithelial cells and liver, as well as in retina under different inflammatory conditions. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, we now show that aldolase A is nitrated in human skin fibroblasts. To reveal the consequences of tyrosine nitration, we studied the impact of peroxynitrite on the glycolytic functions of aldolase A. A peroxynitrite concentration-dependent decrease in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate cleavage activity was observed with a concomitant increase in nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. Both V(max) and the K(m) for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate decreased after incubation with peroxynitrite. Aldolase nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity diminished following carboxypeptidase Y digestion, demonstrating that tyrosine residues in the carboxyl-terminal region of aldolase are major targets of nitration. Aldolase A contains a carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residue, Tyr(363), that is critical for its catalytic activity. Indeed, tandem mass spectrometric analysis of trypsin-digested aldolase showed that Tyr(363) is the most susceptible to nitration, with a modification of Tyr(342) occurring only after nitration of Tyr(363). These tyrosine nitrations likely result in altered interactions between the carboxyl-terminal region and enzyme substrate or reaction intermediates causing the decline in activity. The results suggest that tyrosine nitration of aldolase A can contribute to an impaired cellular glycolytic activity.
Mol Cell Proteomics 2004 Jun
PMID:Tyrosine nitration impairs mammalian aldolase A activity. 1497 98

We describe the clinical findings, and the molecular and biochemical studies in an Italian family with recurrent hydrops fetalis due to galactosialidosis (GS). GS is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA). This protein forms a high-molecular-weight complex with the hydrolases beta-galactosidase (GLB1) and neuraminidase (NEU1). By virtue of this association these two enzymes are correctly compartmentalized in lysosomes and protected against rapid proteolytic degradation. Controversial data show that PPCA is also present in a second complex, including the Elastin Binding Protein (EBP) the EBP-receptor, which is involved in elastogenesis, and NEU1. We investigated the potential role of the PPCA in both complexes. Two new genetic lesions (c60delG and IVS2+1 G > T) that lead to a frameshift and a premature stop codon were detected in the PPCA cDNA and genomic DNA of the patient. The deleterious effect of such mutations was confirmed by the complete absence of the PPCA protein on Western blots. Thus, we examined the effect of the loss of PPCA on the two protein complexes in the patient's fibroblasts. Interestingly, a reduced amount of both GLB1 and EBP proteins was detected. These data confirm that PPCA is present in two functional complexes one with GLB1 and NEU1 in the lysosomal lumen and the other with EBP at the cell surface. The reduction in GLB1 and EBP confirms that PPCA is essential for their integrity.
Mol Genet Metab 2004 May
PMID:New mutations in the PPBG gene lead to loss of PPCA protein which affects the level of the beta-galactosidase/neuraminidase complex and the EBP-receptor. 1511 Mar 21

Given the success of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in treating the systemic manifestations in a number of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), we evaluated the effect of ERT on the mouse model of sialidosis. This glycoproteinosis, which affects primarily the reticuloendothelial (RE) system, is caused by deficiency of lysosomal neuraminidase (NEU1) and consequent accumulation of sialylated glycoconjugates. NEU1 lacks a functional mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker and is not endocytosed by mammalian cells. However, the enzyme produced in insect cells has features that allow its effective uptake by RE cells and macrophages via the mannose receptor, and therefore represent an alternative method of therapy. In this study we tested the therapeutic efficacy of baculovirus (BV) expressed mouse neuraminidase (Neu1) in sialidosis mice. Four-week-old Neu1-/- mice were first injected intravenously with a single dose of the recombinant enzyme for assessment of the half-life of mannosylated Neu1 in vivo. Afterwards, a short-term ERT with a total of five enzyme injections over a 2-week period was performed for evaluation of phenotype correction. Neu1 infused alone or co-administered with its associated protein, protective protein/cathepsin A (PPCA) was effectively taken up by resident macrophages in many tissues. Restored Neu1 activity persisted for up to 4 days, depending on the tissue, and resulted in a significant reduction of lysosomal storage. However, beyond 2 weeks of treatment, ERT mice developed a severe immune response towards the exogenous Neu1 enzyme. These results may have important implications for ERT in sialidosis patients.
Mol Genet Metab 2005 Jul
PMID:Short-term, high dose enzyme replacement therapy in sialidosis mice. 1597 29


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