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The differentiation of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow is guided by the surrounding microenvironment determined by cytokines, adhesion molecules, and the extracellular matrix. These microenvironmental factors are mainly provided by stromal cells. In this paper, we report the identification of a VCAM-1-positive stromal cell population by flow cytometry. This population showed the expression of cell surface markers known to be present on stromal cells (CD10, CD13, CD90, CD105) and had a fibroblastoid phenotype in vitro. Single cell RT-PCR analysis of its cytokine expression pattern revealed transcripts for haematopoietic cytokines important for either the early B lymphopoiesis like flt3L or the survival of long-lived plasma cells like BAFF or both processes like SDF-1. Whereas SDF-1 transcripts were detectable in all VCAM-1-positive cells, flt3L and BAFF were only expressed by some cells suggesting the putative existence of different subpopulations with distinct functional properties. In summary, the VCAM-1-positive cell population seems to be a candidate stromal cell population supporting either developing B cells and/or long-lived plasma cells in human bone marrow.
Mol Immunol 2007 Mar
PMID:VCAM-1-positive stromal cells from human bone marrow producing cytokines for B lineage progenitors and for plasma cells: SDF-1, flt3L, and BAFF. 1706 79

Two fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) were incorporated into four diets prepared for start-feeding sea bass larvae, at two different levels (10% and 19% of total ingredients): a commercial FPH, CPSP, in which the molecular mass of the main fraction of soluble peptides (51%) was between 500-2500 Da, and an experimental FPH obtained by acidic silage of sardine offal, SH, with a main portion of soluble peptides (54%) ranging from 200 to 500 Da. The diet with 10% of the commercial FPH gave the best results in terms of growth, survival and intestinal development, as evaluated by the early activity of digestive enzymes in the brush border membrane (alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N). This was related to the low level of Vibrio spp. counted in the larvae of group C10. The high dose of FPH, especially in the experimental preparation rich in short peptides, seemed to favour the dominance of Vibrio sp. TYH3, which behaved opportunistically. The effect of the experimental FPH was ambiguous, since early larvae challenged with Vibrio anguillarum were more resistant to the pathogen, especially at high FPH dose (group S19). This might be due either to direct antagonism between V. anguillarum and Vibrio sp. TYH3, or to the stimulation of the immune response in the larvae. These results indicate that different molecular weight fractions and concentrations of feed-soluble peptides may affect the growth performance and immunological status of sea bass larvae. Consequently, a low dose of commercial FPH seems advisable, both for larval development and for the bacterial environment, although further research is required to determine and characterize peptide fractions that may have a beneficial effect on growth and immune response, and to determine their optimal inclusion levels in diets for sea bass larvae.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007 May
PMID:Effects of different dietary levels of fish protein hydrolysates on growth, digestive enzymes, gut microbiota, and resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. 1730 80

The expression of the myeloid markers CD13, CD33, and CD15 in two hundred and eighty-three cases of de novo childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is examined. The expression of at least one marker is a frequent event which is noted in 64% and 74% of B- and T-lineage ALL cases, respectively. Certain patterns of myeloid antigen expression can be recognized including: no expression of CD13, CD33, and CD15 in mature B-ALL, significantly higher levels of CD13 and CD33 and significantly lower levels of CD15 in TEL-AML1-positive B cell precursor ALL, no expression of CD13 and CD33 in E2A-PBX1-positive B cell precursor ALL cases and common T-ALL (double positive for CD4 and CD8), and no expression of CD13 in MLL-AF4-positive B cell precursor ALL cases. Although the numbers in some ALL subtypes are small, these patterns are consistent with nonrandom expression of myeloid markers in de novo childhood ALL.
Exp Mol Pathol 2007 Aug
PMID:Frequent but nonrandom expression of myeloid markers on de novo childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 1743 63

Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline protein inclusions with insecticidal or nematocidal properties. These crystal (Cry) proteins determine a particular strain's toxicity profile. Transgenic crops expressing one or more recombinant Cry toxins have become agriculturally important. Individual Cry toxins are usually toxic to only a few species within an order, and receptors on midgut epithelial cells have been shown to be critical determinants of Cry specificity. The best characterized of these receptors have been identified for lepidopterans, and two major receptor classes have emerged: the aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors and the cadherin-like receptors. Currently, 38 different APNs have been reported for 12 different lepidopterans. Each APN belongs to one of five groups that have unique structural features and Cry-binding properties. While 17 different APNs have been reported to bind to Cry toxins, only 2 have been shown to mediate toxin susceptibly in vivo. In contrast, several cadherin-like proteins bind to Cry toxins and confer toxin susceptibility in vitro, and disruption of the cadherin gene has been associated with toxin resistance. Nonetheless, only a small subset of the lepidopteran-specific Cry toxins has been shown to interact with cadherin-like proteins. This review analyzes the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors, focusing on the identification and validation of receptors, the molecular basis for receptor recognition, the role of the receptor in resistant insects, and proposed models to explain the sequence of events at the cell surface by which receptor binding leads to cell death.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007 Jun
PMID:Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. 1755 45

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is divided into 8 FAB subgroups based on differentiation and maturation properties of the neoplastic cells. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), or M3 AML, is associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Flow cytometric immunophenotyping differentiates among the AML subtypes. Key markers in this classification include the myeloid antigens CD13 and CD33 and the hematopoietic precursor markers CD34 and HLA-DR. The present study analyzes and compares differences in the expression of these markers in 27 M0-M2 cases and 8 M3 cases. The M0-M2 cases generally expressed all four antigens. CD13 and CD33 were positively expressed in 23 (85.2%) and 21 (77.8%) of the 27 cases, respectively. CD34 and HLA-DR were present in 25 (92.6%) and 26 (96.3%) of the 27 cases, respectively. Analysis of the M3 cases revealed a different immunophenotype as CD13 and CD33 were each positive in all 8 (100%) M3 AML cases while CD34 and HLA-DR were negative in 6 (75%) and 8 (100%) of the 8 M3 cases, respectively. In contrast to expression of the early markers CD34 and HLA-DR in the M0-M2 group, these were negative in the M3 cases which were characterized by heterogeneous CD13 and generally homogeneous and bright CD33 expression.
Exp Mol Pathol 2007 Oct
PMID:Contrasting antigenic maturation patterns in M0-M2 versus M3 acute myeloid leukemias. 1760 36

The ontogenesis and specific activities of pancreatic and intestinal enzymes were investigated in sharpsnout sea bream, Diplodus puntazzo, during larval development until the end of weaning on day 50. The green-water technique was carried out for larval rearing in triplicate. Trypsin was first detected as early as hatching and sharply increased related to age and exogenous feeding until day 25, but a sharp decrease was observed towards the end of the experiment. Amylase was determined 2 days after hatching (DAH) and sharply increased to 10 DAH. Afterwards, slight decreases were found between 10 and 20 DAH and then slow alterations were continued until end of the experiment. Lipase was measured for the first time on day 4, and then slight increase was found to 25 DAH. After this date, slow variations were maintained until end of the experiment. Pepsin was firstly assayed 32 DAH related with stomach formation and sharply increased to 40 DAH. Then it was fluctuated until end of the experiment. Enzymes of brush border membranes, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N, showed similar pattern on specific activities during the first 10 days. Thereafter, while specific activity of alkaline phosphatase slightly decreased to 15 DAH and fluctuated until 20 DAH, aminopeptidase N activity slowly declined to 20 DAH. Afterwards, activity of alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N were sharply increased to 30 DAH, showing maturation of the intestinal digestive process and also these activities continued to slight increase until end of the experiment. The specific activity of cytosolic peptidase, leucine-alanine peptidase sharply increased to on day 8, then suddenly declined to 12 DAH and further decreased until 20 DAH. After this date, in contrast to enzymes of brush border membranes, it sharply decreased to 25 DAH and continued to gradually decline until the end of the experiment. These converse expressions were indicative of a maturation of enterocytes and the transition to an adult mode of digestion.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007 Oct
PMID:Digestive enzyme activities in larvae of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). 1765 99

Flow cytometric analysis of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers of myeloid cells has been used in conjunction with cell morphology to diagnose chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In the present study, 16 cases of CML were studied for levels of expression of myeloid markers CD15, CD13, CD33, and CALLA, i.e., CD10 which is also expressed on mature granulocytes. In 11 (68.8%) of 16 cases, a differentiated granulocyte population was detected that showed decreased expression of both CD10 and CD13. CD10 was found to be negative in 1 (6.3%) case and showed decreased expression in 10 (62.5%) of the cases. CD13 showed decreased expression in 11 (68.8%) of the 16 cases. Of the 15 cases analyzed for CD15, 2 (13.3%) were negative and 6 (40%) showed decreased expression. Of the 11 cases which showed simultaneous diminished expression of CD10 and CD13, 8 (72.7%) also showed decreased expression of CD15. Of the antigens studied, CD33 was the only one to be consistently expressed at normal levels, i.e., 13 (81.3%) cases demonstrated normal expression. Therefore, these results point to frequently decreased expression levels of CD10, CD13, and CD15 and rarely decreased expression levels of CD33 in association with CML.
Exp Mol Pathol 2007 Oct
PMID:Diminished CD10, CD13, and CD15 expression in a differentiated granulocyte population in CML. 1766 71

Addition of an inhaled long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) is more effective at improving asthma control and reducing exacerbations than increasing the dose of ICS. Given that LABA monotherapy is not anti-inflammatory, pathways may exist by which LABAs enhance ICS actions. In the current study, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone had no effect on beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist-induced cAMP-response element-dependent transcription in the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. In contrast, simple glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-dependent transcription induced by dexamethasone, budesonide, and fluticasone was synergistically enhanced by beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists, including salmeterol and formoterol, to a level that could not be achieved by glucocorticoid alone. This enhancement was mimicked by other cAMP-elevating agents, and a cAMP mimetic, and was blocked by an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Thus, beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists synergistically enhance simple GRE-dependent transcription via the classical cAMP-PKA pathway. Consistent with the clinical situation, the addition of a beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist to a glucocorticoid is steroid-sparing in that maximal GRE-dependent responses, evoked by glucocorticoid, are achieved at approximately 10-fold lower concentrations in the presence of beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist. Finally, analysis of dexamethasone-inducible genes, including glucocorticoid-inducible leucine zipper (GILZ), aminopeptidase N, FKBP51, PAI-1, tristetraprolin, DNB5, p57KIP2, metallothionein 1X, and MKP-1, revealed enhanced inducibility of some genes by glucocorticoid/beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonist combinations in a manner that was consistent with the GRE-reporter. Because such effects also occur in primary human airway smooth muscle cells, we propose that enhancement of glucocorticoid-inducible gene expression may contribute to the superior efficacy of LABA/ICS combination therapies, over ICS alone, in asthma treatment.
Mol Pharmacol 2008 Jan
PMID:Long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists synergistically enhance glucocorticoid-dependent transcription in human airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. 1790 Nov 97

The World Health Organization (WHO) characterization of the immunophenotype of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) includes the possible expression of myeloid cluster of differentiation (CD) markers CD13 and CD33. In precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-T ALL), myeloid markers CD13 and CD33 are frequent while CD117 is rare. In the present investigation, 71 cases of confirmed pre-B ALL were evaluated for the presence of CD13 and CD33. Of the 19 (27%) cases that positively expressed myeloid markers, 10 (53%) expressed CD13, 17 (89%) expressed CD33, and 1 (5%) expressed CD117. Eight (42%) expressed both CD13 and CD33, and 1 (5%) expressed CD13, CD33, and CD117. Twenty-one cases of confirmed pre-T ALL were analyzed for myeloid markers CD13, CD33, CD117, and MPO. Of the 6 (29%) expressing myeloid markers, 4 (67%) were positive for CD13, 4 (67%) for CD33, 3 50(%) for CD117, and 1 (17%) for MPO. One (17%) was positive for both CD13 and CD117; one (17%) for CD13 and CD33; one (17%) for CD13, CD33 and CD117; and one (17%) for CD13, CD33 and MPO. These markers portend a poor prognosis compared to ALL cases without myeloid antigens, and a poor response to drug therapies targeting conventional ALL. Future studies will be directed to correlation of these markers with prognosis and therapeutic response, as well as whether drug therapies targeting myeloid antigens could be of use in treatment.
Exp Mol Pathol 2007 Dec
PMID:Aberrant myeloid marker expression in precursor B-cell and T-cell leukemias. 1796 47

Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic cells capable of generating colonies of plastic-adherent marrow mesenchymal cells, each derived from a single cell termed a colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-Fs). In addition to their role in establishing the marrow microenvironment, these cells have been shown to differentiate into several types of mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal lineages. Because of their multipotency, MSCs represent an attractive cellular source in the promising field of cellular therapy. In this chapter, we will focus on culture conditions for human BM MSC expansion and CFU-F assays. We also describe the methodologies to analyze the primary cultures obtained, both at the phenotypic and at the functional levels. Phenotypically, MSCs can be defined with a minimal set of markers as CD31-, CD34-, and CD45-negative cells and CD13-, CD29-, CD73-, CD90-, CD105-, and CD166-positive cells. Functionally, we describe the culture conditions (specific media and cellular preparations) for in vitro differentiation of MSCs into the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. The corresponding colorimetric assays (oil red O, Von Kossa and alizarin red S, and safranin O and alcian blue stains, respectively) are also described.
Methods Mol Med 2007
PMID:Culture and characterization of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. 1808 3


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