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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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The intestinal plasticity of digestive enzymes of amphibian species is poorly known. The goal of this study was to characterize digestive enzyme profiles along the small intestine of adult frogs, Xenopus laevis, in response to an experimental diet. We acclimated adult X. laevis for 30 days either to carbohydrate-rich or protein-rich diets, and determined the morphology and digestive enzymes of the small intestine. We found a significant difference of aminopeptidase-N activity between carbohydrate-rich and protein-rich acclimated animals. We also found a little variation in the expression of maltase activity, which contrast with the proposed hypothesis about the existence of digestive tradeoff in vertebrates. This finding supports the adaptive modulation hypothesis and suggests that caution is called for when analyzing physiological data regarding assumed discrete trophic category of species.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Jan
PMID:Phenotypic flexibility in the intestinal enzymes of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. 1566 22

Specific activities of both intestinal and renal dissacharidases, such as sucrase, maltase, and lactase, were altered in diabetic rats. Our study was focused to evaluate the effect of feeding quercetin - a bioflavanoid on intestinal and renal dissacharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The rats were fed with 0.1% quercetin in diet. A reduction in intestinal maltase and sucrase, activities in quercetin-fed diabetic rats was observed in contrast to the increased activities in the starch-fed diabetic rats. A significant amelioration in renal dissacharidase activities in quercetin-fed diabetic rats was observed when compared to decreased activity in starch-fed diabetic rats.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2005 Apr
PMID:Quercetin alleviates activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1574 16

Gut plasticity is a trait with implications on animal performance. However, and despite their importance as study models in physiology, research on gut flexibility in amphibians is scarce. In the present work, we analyse digestive adjustments of Bufo spinulosus adult individuals to cope with changes in diet quality and quantity at two organizational levels (i.e., digestive morphology and enzymes). We found that changes in gut size are related to the amount of food ingested, but not to diet composition. This is in agreement with "the gut seasonal change" hypothesis and offers a proximal explanation for this change. Digestive enzymatic activity (maltase and aminopeptidase-N) did not change with diet quality or quantity, which agrees with the hypothesis of "hard-wired physiology in adult amphibians". Both hypotheses are in agreement with the general theoretical framework of gut phenotypic flexibility when interpreted in light of amphibian natural history. In addition, our results indicate that the correlation between feeding frequency and the level of gut up-regulation proposed for interspecific comparisons may also be found at the intraspecific level.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Feb
PMID:Digestive morphology and enzyme activity in the Andean toad Bufo spinulosus: hard-wired or flexible physiology? 1574 55

The hypothesis was proposed that the carbohydrate in the first diet fed to turkey hatchlings upregulates the glucose transport system. Heavy and light body mass poults were observed to determine differences in glucose transport and carbohydrate digestion. Poults were weighed immediately posthatching. Heavy poults were at least +/-2 S.D. above the mean whereas light poults were at least +/-S.D. below the population mean (62.5 +/- 0.4). Each group was randomly assigned to one of two diets. One diet contained 50% carbohydrate and the remaining diet had 15% carbohydrate. Although the diets were isocaloric, differing carbohydrate (corn starch) and fat (cottonseed oil) content had significant effects on body masses within 3 days. Poults fed low carbohydrate weighed more than those on high carbohydrate perhaps because fat is a preferred energy substrate in the neonatal turkey. Greater carbohydrate in the diet increased glucose uptake and maltase activity compared to diets containing more fat. Heavier poults at hatching remained heavier at 3 days posthatching. No differences between body mass categories were noted in glucose uptake measurements. Thus, differences seen in growth rates may not be attributed to glucose transport in the jejunum. It is concluded that turkeys belong to the class of birds in which the poults respond to more carbohydrate in the diet by increasing plasma T(3) concentrations, upregulating the glucose transport system, and increasing enzymatic activity as with maltase.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Jul
PMID:High levels of dietary carbohydrate increase glucose transport in poult intestine. 1600 50

During diabetes, structural and functional changes in the alimentary tract are known to take place resulting in increased absorption of intestinal glucose and alterations in the activities of brush border disaccharidases. Similar observations are also reported in the renal cortex. In the present investigation, we examined the effect of feeding bitter gourd fruit devoid of seeds on activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases, viz., maltase, sucrase, and lactase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Normal and diabetic rats were fed either with basal diet or a diet containing 10% bitter gourd powder. Specific activities of intestinal disaccharidases were significantly increased during diabetes, and supplementing bitter gourd in the diet clearly indicated amelioration in the activities of maltase and lactase during diabetes. However, a significant change was not observed with sucrase activity by feeding of bitter gourd. During diabetes, renal disaccharidase activities were significantly lower than those in the control rats. Bitter gourd supplementation was beneficial in alleviating the reduction in maltase activity during diabetes. However, not much change in the activities of sucrase and lactase was observed upon feeding. This positive influence of feeding bitter gourd on intestinal and renal disaccharidases clearly indicates their beneficial role in the management of diabetes, thus making diabetic animals more tolerant to hyperglycemia.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2005 Aug
PMID:Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) modulates activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1600 24

Fasting and refeeding effects on gastrointestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities of Atlantic salmon, held in tanks of seawater at 9 degrees C and 31 per thousand salinity, were addressed in two trials. Trial 1: Fish (mean body mass 1190 g) were fasted for 40 days and intestines sampled at day 0, 2, 4, 11, 19 and 40. Trial 2: Fish (1334 g), fasted for 50 days, were refed and sampled at day 0, 3 and 7. Mass, length, protein, and maltase, lactase, and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities were analyzed for stomach (ST), pyloric caeca (PC), proximal (PI), mid (MI), and distal intestine (DI). PC contributed 50% of gastrointestinal mass and 75% of enzyme capacity. Fasting decreased mass and enzyme capacities by 20-50% within two days, and 40-75% after 40 days. In PC, specific brush border membrane (BBM) maltase activity decreased whereas BBM LAP increased during fasting. Upon refeeding, enzyme capacities were mostly regenerated after one week. The results suggest that refeeding should start slowly with about 25% of estimated feed requirement during the first 3 days, but may then be stepped up rapidly. Investigations of digestive processes of fed fish should only be performed when intestines are feed-filled to avoid bias due to effects of fasting.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005 Aug
PMID:Fasting and refeeding cause rapid changes in intestinal tissue mass and digestive enzyme capacities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). 1604 60

Temperature-sensitive mutants affecting maltose utilization in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been isolated. Two such mutants although failing to ferment maltose at the restrictive temperature, have normal induced level of maltase. The third mutant (UNT-37) not only failed to ferment maltose but has 5-6 fold less induced level of maltase at the restrictive temperature than the parental strain. The genetic control mechanisms of maltase induction and maltose utilization have been discussed.
Mol Gen Genet 1975
PMID:Genetic control of maltase formation in yeast. III. Isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants affecting maltase induction and maltose utilization. 1609 66

Activities of seven acid glycosidases: beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase (beta-HEX), alpha- and beta-galactosidase (alpha- and beta-GAL), alpha- and beta-mannosidase (alpha- and beta-MAN), alpha-glucosidase and alpha-fucosidase in magnum region of hen (Gallus gallus domesticus) oviduct, and four acid glycosidases: beta-HEX, beta-GAL, alpha- and beta-MAN in egg albumen, were investigated. beta-HEX from magnum and egg albumen hydrolysed 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-N-acetylhexosamine-6-sulphate (4-MeUmbGlcNAc-6-SO(4)) like mammalian beta-HEX form A. Multiple forms of magnum and egg albumen beta-HEX, beta-GAL, alpha- and beta-MAN were separated by strong anion exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing method. Chromatofocusing of the magnum resulted in the appearance of multiple forms for beta-HEX with pI of 6.18, 5.43, 5.55, 5.34, 5.27 and 5.16, for beta-GAL with pI of 4.98, 4.84, 4.77, 4.64 and 4.68-4.63, for alpha-MAN with pI of >or=7.4, 6.75, 6.62 and 6.26, and for beta-MAN two forms with pI of 6.37 and 5.77. Chromatofocusing of egg albumen yields multiple forms for beta-HEX with pI of 6.24, 6.08, 5.55 and 5.35, for beta-GAL two forms with pI of 5.10 and 4.86-4.80 for alpha-MAN multiple forms with pI of >or=7.4, 6.80, 6.60 and 6.30, and for beta-MAN forms with pI of 6.30 and 5.77. In conclusion, this study was the first to show beta-HEX activity against 4-MeUmbGlcNAc-6-SO(4) in the magnum and albumen of bird eggs, corresponding to beta-HEX A activity in mammals. Main multiple forms of beta-HEX, beta-GAL, alpha- and beta-MAN occurring in the magnum were revealed in the egg albumen. Comparison with a cock of the same breed showed that hen egg magnum and albumen has the same multiple forms of the enzymes that are found in the epididymides and seminal plasma of the cock.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005 Dec
PMID:Acid glycosidases from hen oviduct and egg albumen. 1623 36

Up to now, the metabolism of hispidulin (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone), a potent ligand of the central human benzodiazepine receptor, has not been investigated. To elucidate the metabolism of hispidulin in the large intestine, its biotransformation by the pig caecal microflora was studied. In addition, the efficiency of the pig caecal microflora to degrade galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), apigenin (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone), and luteolin (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) was investigated. Identification of the formed metabolites was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection, HPLC-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, and high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The caecal microflora transformed hispidulin to scutellarein (5,6,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), an effective alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid; galangin to phenylacetic acid and phloroglucinol; kaempferol to 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, phloroglucinol, and 4-methylphenol; apigenin to 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid and 3-phenylpropionic acid, and luteolin to 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, respectively. To elucidate to what extent different hydroxylation patterns on the B-ring influence the degradation degree of flavonoids, the conversions of galangin and kaempferol as well as that of apigenin and luteolin were compared with those of quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) and chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), respectively. Regardless of the flavonoid subclass, the presence of a hydroxy group at the 4'-position seems to be a prerequisite for fast breakdown. An additional hydroxy group at the B-ring did not affect the degradation degree.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2006 Jan
PMID:Use of the pig caecum model to mimic the human intestinal metabolism of hispidulin and related compounds. 1631 85

We have established a new method for the enzymatic diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease or acid maltase deficiency) using mixed leukocytes. The method employs glycogen and 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (4MU-alphaGlc) as substrates for measuring the lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (acid alphaGlu) activity, and incorporates acarbose to eliminate the interference of unrelated alpha-glucosidases (predominantly maltase-glucoamylase). It is shown that 3.0 micromol/L acarbose completely inhibits the maltase-glucoamylase activity at pH 4.0, but the lysosomal acid alphaGlu activity by less than 5%. With this method, we determined the acid alphaGlu activity in mixed leukocytes from 25 patients with glycogen storage disease type II (2 infantile and 23 late-onset cases), one GAA2/GAA2 homozygote and 30 healthy subjects. In the assay with glycogen as substrate, the addition of acarbose created a clear separation between the patient and the control ranges. In the assay with 4MU-alphaGlc as substrate, the two ranges were fully separated but remained very close despite the use of acarbose. The separation of the patient and normal ranges was improved considerably by taking the ratio of acarbose-inhibited over uninhibited activity. A GAA2/GAA2 homozygote was correctly diagnosed with 4MU-alphaGlc but misdiagnosed as patient when glycogen was used as substrate. We conclude that the inclusion of 3.0 micromol/L acarbose in the assays with glycogen and 4MU-alphaGlc substrates at pH 4.0 allows for the specific measurement of lysosomal acid alphaGlu activity in mixed leukocytes, thus enabling a reliable diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type II in this specimen.
Mol Genet Metab 2006 May
PMID:A new diagnostic assay for glycogen storage disease type II in mixed leukocytes. 1635


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