Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

F9 teratocarcinoma cells can be grown as monolayers or aggregates, and upon treatment with retinoic acid they will differentiate into parietal or visceral endoderm, respectively. Visceral endoderm specifically synthesizes alpha-fetoprotein and albumin mRNAs, which are not found in parietal endoderm. In contrast, both endoderms produce enhanced levels of the major histocompatibility antigen (H2) mRNA compared with F9 cells. F9 cells contain highly methylated DNA as judged by restriction enzyme digestion. However, upon differentiation into visceral endoderm, there is a genome-wide loss of methylation in induced, silent, and constitutively expressed genes. Experiments in which methylation loss is induced via the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine result in no induction of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA and no morphological differentiation, suggesting that methylation loss alone is not sufficient to induce the visceral endoderm phenotype. Likewise, 5-azacytidine treatment of differentiated cells does not result in enhanced expression of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA. However, the patterns of loss of DNA methylation at all sites examined after differentiation or 5-azacytidine treatment were remarkably similar, suggesting that the two occur by a similar mechanism, the inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity. These results argue that the specificity for methylation loss at a given site is an inherent property of aggregated F9 cell chromatin. This system provides a model for studying a tissue-specific change in DNA methylation upon differentiation.
Mol Cell Biol 1984 May
PMID:Induction of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis in differentiating F9 teratocarcinoma cells is accompanied by a genome-wide loss of DNA methylation. 620 29

We have previously shown that treatment of normal and neoplastic cells with the antileukemic drug, 5-azacytidine, led to the rapid synthesis of a low molecular weight RNA containing 5-azacytosine. This fraudulent RNA inhibited tRNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase early after drug administration. The absence of tRNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase activity resulted in the synthesis of tRNA specifically deficient in 5-methylcytosine. Here, we show that treatment of L1210 cells, grown intraperitoneally in mice, with 5-azacytidine led to a rapid and prolonged inactivation of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase activity and to the synthesis of undermethylated DNA. DNA isolated from the treated tissue was found to inactivate the DNA methylase (decreased Vmax) in in vitro DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase assays. Kinetic analysis showed noncompetitive inhibition of the substrate by the inhibitor. The persistence of DNA undermethylation after treatment with 5-azadeoxycytidine or 5-azacytidine in animals has not been measured directly; therefore, we have investigated this phenomenon in the intact animal. Prolonged treatment with 5-azacytidine was required to maintain a a fraction of undermethylated sites in DNA of L1210 cells in vivo for up to 4 months or longer after drug withdrawal. Such treatment led to instability of DNA methylation levels in L1210 cells in vivo. At least a partial restoration of DNA 5-methylcytosine levels was observed after acute and chronic 5-azacytidine treatment, respectively. 5-Azacytidine was also found to induce DNA hypomethylation in regenerating, but not in normal adult mouse liver cells. Our results show that: 1) it was extremely difficult to decrease the DNA methylation level to less than 50% of control; and 2) it was also difficult to maintain stable DNA methylation levels in vivo after exposure to the drug.
Mol Pharmacol 1984 Nov
PMID:Long term instability and molecular mechanism of 5-azacytidine-induced DNA hypomethylation in normal and neoplastic tissues in vivo. 620 75

The genes for restriction-modification system EcoRII have been cloned from plasmid N3 DNA using RSF2124 as a vector plasmid. The hybrid plasmids designated pFK321 and pFK322 contained a 5.8 megadaltons EcoRI--fragment derived from N3 DNA including the genes for restriction-modification system EcoRII and a gene for resistance to sulfanilamide.
Mol Gen Genet 1980
PMID:Molecular cloning of EcoRII endonuclease and methylase genes. 624 37

We have purified the type III restriction enzymes EcoP1 and EcoP15 to homogeneity from bacteria that contain the structural genes for the enzymes cloned on small, multicopy plasmids and which overproduce the enzymes. Both of the enzymes contain two different subunits. The molecular weights of the subunits are the same for both enzymes and antibodies prepared against one enzyme cross-react with both subunits of the other. Bacteria containing a plasmid derivative in which a large part of one of the structural genes has been deleted have a restriction- modification+ phenotype and contain only the smaller of the two subunits. This subunit therefore must be the one that both recognizes the specific DNA sequence and methylates it in the modification reaction (the restriction enzyme itself also acts as a modification methylase). We have purified the P1 and P15 modification subunits from these deletion derivatives and have shown that in vitro they have the expected properties: they are sequence-specific modification methylases. In addition, we have demonstrated that strains carrying the full restriction/modification system also contain a pool of free modification subunits that might be responsible for in vivo modification.
J Mol Biol 1983 Mar 25
PMID:DNA restriction--modification enzymes of phage P1 and plasmid p15B. Subunit functions and structural homologies. 630 81

A 2.5 X 10(3) base-pair segment of Bacillus sphaericus R DNA cloned in Escherichia coli has previously been shown to carry the functional BspRI modification methylase gene. The approximate location of the gene on this DNA segment and its direction of transcription were established by subcloning experiments. The nucleotide sequence of the relevant region was determined by the Maxam-Gilbert procedure. An open reading frame that can code for a 424 amino acid protein was found. The calculated molecular weight (48,264) of this protein is in fair agreement with previous estimates (50,000 to 52,000). The synthesis of this protein was demonstrated in E. coli minicells. The initiation point of transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase was localized by in vitro transcription experiments. The open reading frame starts 29 base-pairs downstream from the transcription initiation site and it is preceded by a sequence showing extensive Shine-Dalgarno complementarity. Subcloning experiments and translation in minicells suggest that after removal of this translational initiation site, a secondary start site 29 amino acids downstream can also start translation in E. coli, and this shorter protein retains the methylase activity. The overall base composition of the gene and the codon usage indicate a strong preference for A.T base-pairs.
J Mol Biol 1983 Nov 05
PMID:Structure of the Bacillus sphaericus R modification methylase gene. 631 47

The ada+ gene of E. coli is a regulatory gene of the adaptive response to simple alkylating agents. ada mutants are sensitive to both the mutagenicity and toxicity of alkylating agents, and are unable to induce O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase and 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II. The ada+ gene was cloned from wild type E. coli B by ligating bacterial DNA partially digested with Sau3A into the cosmid vector pJB8. The hybrid cosmid, pCS33, conveyed N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resistance to ada mutants of E. coli B and E. coli K12, and resulted in the constitutive synthesis of the two DNA repair enzymes at high levels. An alk mutation, which results in a deficiency of only the DNA glycosylase, was not complemented by this cosmid. It was concluded that the product of the ada+ gene is a positive regulator of the adaptive response. The cosmid insert DNA was subcloned into the plasmid vector pAT153, and the ada+ plasmids pCS42 and pCS58 selected. The ada+ gene was located in pCS58 by transposon mutagenesis and subcloning. Two polypeptides of Mr 37,000 and 27,000, were identified in 'maxi-cells' as products of the ada+ gene(s). It is as yet unclear whether they represent different forms of the same gene product, or are encoded by separate ada+ genes within the same operon.
Mol Gen Genet 1983
PMID:Molecular cloning of a gene which regulates the adaptive response to alkylating agents in Escherichia coli. 635 69

Further research on bacteriophage T7 DNA penetration mechanism into E. coli cells during the infection was carried out. The DNA-RNA-hybridization on nitrocellulose filters revealed that in the presence of chloramphenicol the T7 DNA penetration from the virion into a host cell was coupled with its transcription by the bacterial RNA polymerase. The data obtained indicate that in the absence of antibiotics the penetration of a part of T7 genome which correspondes to class II and III genes is coupled with its transcription by a phage-specific RNA polymerase. Along with this the host restriction-modification system when its activity is not inhibited by the phage-induced proteins will be able to cleave the penetrated T7 DNA just after its transcription was accomplished. Considering these data along with our conception on direct involvement of transcription in T7 DNA penetration process during the infection one can suggest that E. coli RNA polymerase molecules which provide the phage DNA transport, are localized at the inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane.
Mol Biol (Mosk)
PMID:[Coupling of bacteriophage T7 DNA penetration with its transcription, during infection]. 635 19

DNA methyltransferase activity has been identified in crude extracts of Drosophila melanogaster pupae for the removal of methyl groups from O-6 methylguanine appearing in alkylated DNA. Additionally, N-7 methylguanine and 3 methyladenine appear to be uniquely susceptible to methyltransferase activity that resides in Drosophila pupae. Consistent with this, tests to detect DNA glycosylase activity for the repair of the latter two modified bases was unsuccessful, even though a substantial loss of methyl groups from these bases was observed. Conversely, the repair of methylated purines was not detected in extracts of Drosophila embryos. The removal of methyl groups from methylated purines was dependent upon incubation temperature and was proportional to the amount of protein added to reaction mixtures. Results indicate that the methyl group is attached to protein during the repair of methylated DNA, suggesting that it is similar to the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase identified in other organisms. Although other explanations are possible, the inability to detect DNA glycosylase activity suggests that Drosophila may not rely on base excision repair for the removal of modified or nonconventional basis in DNA.
Mol Gen Genet 1983
PMID:Repair of alkylated DNA: Drosophila have DNA methyltransferases but not DNA glycosylases. 641 20

During transformation of B. subtilis cells with the Bsu R restriction-modification system by means of pUB110 plasmid restriction and modification of the plasmid DNA occurs. The effect of restriction on the transformation frequency is relatively weak, bringing about 20-fold decrease only. When using cells of a modifying recipient, the frequency of AR9 phage-mediated transduction of unmodified plasmid DNA is also relatively little decreased. The frequency of transduction by chromosomal markers, under the same conditions, falls much lower.
Mol Gen Genet 1980
PMID:Transformation and transduction of Bacillus subtilis strains with the Bsu R restriction-modification system by means of modified and unmodified DNA of pUB110 plasmid. 677 30

Previous X-ray crystallographic studies have revealed that the catalytic domain of a DNA methyltransferase (Mtase) generating C5-methylcytosine bears a striking structural similarity to that of a Mtase generating N6-methyladenine. Guided by this common structure, we performed a multiple sequence alignment of 42 amino-Mtases (N6-adenine and N4-cytosine). This comparison revealed nine conserved motifs, corresponding to the motifs I to VIII and X previously defined in C5-cytosine Mtases. The amino and C5-cytosine Mtases thus appear to be more closely related than has been appreciated. The amino Mtases could be divided into three groups, based on the sequential order of motifs, and this variation in order may explain why only two motifs were previously recognized in the amino Mtases. The Mtases grouped in this way show several other group-specific properties, including differences in amino acid sequence, molecular mass and DNA sequence specificity. Surprisingly, the N4-cytosine and N6-adenine Mtases do not form separate groups. These results have implications for the catalytic mechanisms, evolution and diversification of this family of enzymes. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine and adenine/cytosine binding pockets suggests that, structurally and functionally, they are remarkably similar to one another.
J Mol Biol 1995 Nov 03
PMID:Structure-guided analysis reveals nine sequence motifs conserved among DNA amino-methyltransferases, and suggests a catalytic mechanism for these enzymes. 747 38


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