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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A pseudogene, psi nad7, which has significant sequence similarity (66.7% amino acid identity) with the bovine nuclear gene for a 49 kDa subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.3), has been identified on the mitochondrial genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The predicted coding region, which includes six termination codons, is actively transcribed into RNA molecules of 16 and 9.6 kb in length, but RNA splicing products were not detected in the liverwort mitochondria. Genomic DNA blot analysis and RNA blot analysis using poly(A)+ RNA suggest that a structurally related nuclear gene encodes the mitochondrial ND7 polypeptide. These results imply that this psi nad7 is a relic of a gene transfer event from the mitochondrial genome into the nuclear genome during mitochondrial evolution in M. polymorpha.
Mol Gen Genet 1995 Jun 10
PMID:Active transcription of the pseudogene for subunit 7 of the NADH dehydrogenase in Marchantia polymorpha mitochondria. 760 35

The complete nucleotide sequence of the circular mitochondrial (mt) DNA from the red alga Chondrus crispus was determined (25,836 nucleotides, A+T content 72.1%). Fifty one genes were identified. They include genes encoding three subunits of the cytochrome oxidase (cox1 to 3), apocytochrome b (cob), seven subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (nad1 to 6, nad4L), two ATPase subunits (atp6 and atp9), three ribosomal RNAs (rrn5, srn and lrn), 23 tRNAs and four ribosomal proteins (rps3, rps11, rps12 and rpl16). Two subunits of the succinate dehydrogenase complex (sdhB and sdhC), usually found on nuclear genomes, are also located on the mtDNA of C. crispus. One group IIb intron is inserted in the tRNAIle gene. Six potentially functional open reading frames were identified, four of them having counterparts among green plant mtDNAs. The use of a modified genetic code and the absence of RNA editing, previously reported for the cox3 gene, appears as a general characteristic of this molecule. Mitochondrial genes are encoded on both DNA strands, in two opposite major transcriptional directions, suggesting the existence of two main transcriptional units. Two long and stable stem-loops were identified in intergenic regions, which are believed to be involved with transcription and replication. The main structural features of this genome are compared with the overall organization of mtDNAs and are discussed in view of the evolution of mitochondria.
J Mol Biol 1995 Jul 21
PMID:Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the rhodophyte Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales). Gene content and genome organization. 761 69

Complex I, a key component of the mitochondrial electron transport system, is thought to have evolved from at least two separate enzyme systems prior to the evolution of mitochondria from a bacterial endosymbiont, but the genes for one of the enzyme systems are thought to have subsequently been transferred to the nuclear DNA. We demonstrated that the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum retains the ancestral characteristic of having mitochondria encoding at least one gene (80-kDa subunit) that is nuclear encoded in other eukaryotes. This is consistent with the cellular slime molds of the family Dictyosteliaceae having diverged from other eukaryotes at an early stage prior to the loss of the mitochondrial gene in the lineage giving rise to plants and animals. The D. discoideum mitochondrially encoded 80-kDa subunit of complex I exhibits a twofold-higher mutation rate compared with the homologous chromosomal gene in other eukaryotes, making it the most divergent eukaryotic form of this protein.
J Mol Evol 1995 Jun
PMID:Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial DNA encodes a NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit which is nuclear encoded in other eukaryotes. 764 12

In Nicotiana sylvestris, two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) mutants obtained by protoplast culture show abnormal developmental features of both vegetative and reproductive organs, and mitochondrial gene reorganization following homologous recombination between 65 bp repeated sequences. A mitochondrial region of 16.2 kb deleted from both CMS mutants was found to contain the last two exons of the nad7 gene coding for a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, which is encoded in the nucleus in fungi and animals but was recently found to be encoded by the mitochondrial genome in wheat. Although the N. sylvestris nad7 gene shows strong homology with its wheat counterpart, it contains only three introns instead of four. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments indicated that the parental gene organization, including the complete nad7 gene, is probably maintained at a substoichiometric level in the CMS mutants, but this proportion is too low to have a significant physiological role, as confirmed by expression studies showing the lack of detectable amounts of the NAD7 polypeptide. Consequently, absence of NAD7 is not lethal to plant cells but a deficiency of complex I could be involved in the abnormal CMS phenotype.
Mol Gen Genet 1995 Jul 22
PMID:Deletion of the last two exons of the mitochondrial nad7 gene results in lack of the NAD7 polypeptide in a Nicotiana sylvestris CMS mutant. 765 30

As previously reported, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) binds to purified complex I of the electron transport system. With conditions used in previous reports, MDH binds even more extensively, but probably predominantly non-specifically, to the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane of submitochondrial particles (SMP). Herein we report experimental conditions for highly specific binding of malate dehydrogenase to complex I within SMP. These conditions permit us to demonstrate NADH channelling from malate dehydrogenase to complex I using the competing reaction test. This test, though not ideal for all situations, has several advantages over the enzyme buffering test previously used. These advantages should facilitate further studies elucidating NADH channelling to complex I from MDH and other dehydrogenases. Independent evidence of NADH channelling to the electron transport chain and the potential advantages of substrate channelling in general are also discussed. Substrate channelling from MDH in particular may be especially beneficial because of the unfavourable equilibrium and kinetics of this enzyme reaction.
J Mol Recognit 1994 Dec
PMID:Binding of malate dehydrogenase and NADH channelling to complex I. 773 52

The accumulation of many edited mRNAs is developmentally regulated in a transcript-specific fashion in Trypanosoma brucei. In addition, these transcripts are frequently present in two size classes which differ substantially in the lengths of their poly(A) tails, and poly(A) tail length is also developmentally regulated. Previously, these phenomena have only been studied in the mammalian bloodstream and insect procyclic forms (BF and PF, respectively) of T. brucei. In this paper, we examine developmental regulation of edited RNA abundance and poly(A) tail length of 3 mitochondrially encoded RNAs in mammalian BF and 3 insect stages (PF, epimastigotes, and metacyclics) of T. congolense. T. congolense BF and PF are similar, but not identical, to these stages of T. brucei with regard to edited RNA accumulation and poly(A) tail length. At the level of edited RNA, both epimastigotes and metacyclic stage parasites appear to be pre-adapted for the respiratory mechanisms of BF but not yet down-regulated from the cytochrome-based respiration of PF since edited RNAs encoding NADH dehydrogenase components are up-regulated and edited CYb RNA is abundant in these stages. Poly(A) tail lengths of mitochondrial mRNAs appear to be regulated independently of edited RNA abundance. These results indicate that multiple mechanisms for regulation of mitochondrial gene expression are active throughout the trypanosome life cycle.
Mol Biochem Parasitol 1994 Dec
PMID:Developmental regulation of RNA editing and polyadenylation in four life cycle stages of Trypanosoma congolense. 773 75

The interaction between ubiquinones and vitamin E was studied in the inner membranes of rat liver mitochondria, liposomes and human erythrocyte plasma membranes. Free radicals were produced by addition of exogenous oxidants, and their reaction with chromanols and ubiquinone was followed by ESR and HPLC. Membranes were made deficient in ubiquinone but sufficient in alpha-tocopherol and were reconstituted with added ubiquinone. With these membrane preparations it was shown that (i) in the inner mitochondrial membranes there is a requirements for ubiquinone in the enzymatic recycling of vitamin E; (ii) succinate-ubiquinone reductase incorporated in liposomes cannot protect vitamin E in the absence of ubiquinone and (iii) in human erythrocyte plasma membranes protection against the loss of vitamin E can be provided by NADH-cytochrome-b5-dependent enzymatic recycling. We conclude that ubiquinonols (ubisemiquinones) reduce vitamin E through electron transport.
Mol Aspects Med 1994
PMID:Interactions between ubiquinones and vitamins in membranes and cells. 775 45

Two mutant alleles of the gene encoding electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase were identified and characterized in fibroblasts from a patient with glutaric acidemia type II. One of these alleles is a C-T transition in the donor site of an intron that causes skipping of a 222 bp exon. Included in the missing 74 amino acids is C561, which is predicted to be one of the four cysteine ligands of the 4Fe4S cluster. This mutant allele does not encode a stable ETF-QO in human fibroblasts but, when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the mutant ETF-QO is relatively stable and properly targeted to and processed by mitochondria. The mutant protein lacks ubiquinone reductase activity, but does accept electrons from ETF in the catalyzed disproportionation of ETF semiquinone. These data suggest that in the normal protein the flavin center accepts electrons from ETF and that the 4Fe4S cluster reduces ubiquinone. Deleting the 74 amino acids also alters the association between the protein and membrane such that the mutant ETF-QO cannot be extracted from the membrane using the same conditions used for wild type ETF-QO. A site directed mutant that contains only the single amino acid substitution, C561A, exhibits the same catalytic behavior as the deletion mutant, supporting the hypothesis regarding the specific functions of the two redox centers. It is, however, solubilized by the same conditions as wild type ETF-QO.
Hum Mol Genet 1995 Feb
PMID:Characterization of a mutation that abolishes quinone reduction by electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. 775 62

The expression of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes encoding enzymes involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation was examined in bovine cardiac tissue during early growth, development and aging. The steady state level of mRNAs for mitochondrial genes including ATPase 6. COXII and cyt b increased 2.5-4-fold relative to early fetal levels in late fetal and young adult tissues and showed a marked decline (30-50%) in older adult tissues. Similar results were found with the nuclear genes, COXVB and ATP-beta synthase showing coordinate regulation of the two genomes. An increase in mtDNA copy number correlated with the increase in transcript level. Enzyme activity levels for NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase showed a similar trend, albeit of lesser magnitude. These activity levels contrasted with the activity level of an entirely nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme, citrate synthase, which increased not only throughout development but in the older adult tissue. This study indicates that there is a pattern of increasing mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression for OXPHOS enzymes in developing cardiac tissue and decreasing OXPHOS gene expression in the aging heart.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 1994 Aug
PMID:Mitochondrial gene expression during bovine cardiac growth and development. 779 43

A 3,345-bp fragment of Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been sequenced. This fragment contained the 80-kDa subunit of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), encoding a predicted amino acid sequence of 688 residues and a molecular mass of 79,805 daltons which is nuclear encoded in other metazoa. The C-terminus of the D. discoideum complex I gene shared a 10-bp overlap with NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 5 (ND5), while 21 bp 5' were three tRNA genes (two isoleucine and a histidine) and a further 25 bp 5' of these genes is the partial sequence (104 residues) of an unidentified open reading frame (ORF104). Both the 80-kDa subunit and the ORF104 were hydrophilic and highly charged, suggesting they are not membrane associated, unlike most mitochondrially encoded proteins in the metazoa. Sequence analysis of the 80-kDa subunit, its adjacent ND5 gene, and ORF104 indicates the universal stop codon TGA, which codes for tryptophan in nearly all nonplant mtDNA, is either unassigned or coding for a stop codon in D. discoideum. The large size of the mitochondrial genome (54 kb), the lack of intergenic sequence, and the apparent use of the universal code suggest D. discoideum mtDNA may encode many primitive genes that are nuclear encoded in higher organisms.
J Mol Evol 1994 Dec
PMID:The Dictyostelium discoideum mitochondrial genome: a primordial system using the universal code and encoding hydrophilic proteins atypical of metazoan mitochondrial DNA. 780 47


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