Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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We have cloned and sequenced cDNAs for the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of glycolysis, gapC, from a bryophyte, a gymnosperm, and three angiosperms. Phylogenetic analyses are presented for these data in the context of other gapC sequences and in parallel with published nucleotide sequences for the chloroplast encoded gene for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL). Relative-rate tests were performed for these genes in order to assess variation in substitution rate for coding regions, along individual plant lineages studied. The results of both gene analyses suggest that the deepest dichotomy within the angiosperms separates not magnoliids from remaining angiosperms, but monocotyledons from dicotyledons, in sharp contrast to prediction from the Euanthial theory for angiosperm evolution. Furthermore, these chloroplast and nuclear sequence data taken together suggest that the separation of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous lineages took place in late Carboniferous times [approximately 300 Myr before the present (Mybp)]. This date would exceed but be compatible with the late-Triassic (approximately 220 Mybp) occurrence of fossil reproductive structures of the primitive angiosperm Sanmiguelia lewisii.
Mol Biol Evol 1993 Jan
PMID:Molecular phylogenies in angiosperm evolution. 809 91

The aim of the present study was to determine whether N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) stimulates somatostatin gene function in primary cultures of hypothalamic neurons. Neurons were either shortly (for 3, 8, 24 and 72 h) or chronically (for 11 days) exposed to NMDA (20 microM). Medium and cellular somatostatin contents were determined by radioimmunoassay, and steady-state preprosomatostatin mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis with an oligonucleotide probe. DNA content was measured as a cellular viability control. After 8 h incubation, NMDA induced a significant 2-fold increase in somatostatin mRNA accumulation, with a maximal 4-fold increase after 24 h incubation. A significant and dose-dependent (1.7-fold and 2.5-fold at 20 and 100 microM, respectively) stimulatory effect was also observed after chronic treatment. The kinetic patterns for medium and cellular somatostatin contents were similar to those obtained for somatostatin mRNA levels. Total DNA content was not modified under any experimental condition. The augmentations in cellular somatostatin and somatostatin mRNA determined after 24 h or chronic exposure to NMDA were blocked by (+)-5-methyl-10.11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d')cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate (MK-801), an NMDA receptor antagonist. MK-801 alone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced somatostatin mRNA. The stimulatory effect of NMDA on somatostatin mRNA was specific since it was not accompanied by any change in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. After immunostaining with a specific antibody against somatostatin, no difference was observed in the number of immunostained neurons detected in control and NMDA exposed groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993 Mar
PMID:Stimulatory effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate on somatostatin gene expression in cultured hypothalamic neurons. 809 1

The tetrameric mung bean glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is found to bind approximately four moles substrate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, per mole enzyme with Kdiss equal to or less than 9.6 microM at pH 7.3, showing a slight positive cooperativity. Addition of excess substrate to a solution of the enzyme and excess NAD+ leads to a "burst" of NADH formation followed by a slow linear increase (monitored spectrophotometrically). Amount of NADH formed in the burst phase is pH-dependent and is equal to 3.6 moles per mole enzyme at pH 8.6 and above. Presuming four equivalent and independent sites per enzyme molecule (i.e. D2-symmetry), consistent values were obtained for the equilibrium constant of the oxidation-reduction step at different pH and most substrate concentrations. At lower pH (7.3) and high [NAD+]/[substrate] ratios, favouring the C2- symmetry conformation of the enzyme, the magnitude of the burst phase was negligibly small; practically no oxidation reduction reaction took place. Combining these with earlier results on the group transfer step, it is suggested that the oxidation-reduction and group transfer steps of the reaction catalysed by this enzyme require the D2 and C2 symmetry conformations of the enzyme, respectively.
Biochem Mol Biol Int 1993 Nov
PMID:Functional significance of protein conformational isomerisation in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-catalysed reaction. 811 17

The triosephosphate dehydrogenase 3 gene (TDH3) is a glycolytic enzyme gene and is abundantly transcribed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The promoter region of the TDH3 gene is known to exhibit high transcriptional activity regardless of the fermentability of the carbon source and has been widely utilized to synthesize heterologous gene products in S. cerevisiae. To clarify the mechanism of constitutive transcription by the promoter, we constructed mutant promoters and analyzed the in vivo transcriptional activity of these promoters. The majority of the transcriptional potential is contained within a DNA fragment extending from nucleotides -524 to -255 (-524/-255; relative to the translation initiation codon), which consists of three cis-acting elements: a fermentable carbon source-dependent upstream activation sequence (UAS) 1 (-524/-426), a fermentable carbon source-dependent upstream repression sequence (URS) (-426/-393), and a nonfermetable carbon source-dependent UAS2 (-305/-255). This result indicates that the promoter involves two apparent promoter elements. One is fermentable carbon source-dependent, and another is nonfermentable carbon source-dependent. Southwestern analyses indicated that a novel 20-kDa protein is induced in yeast cells by shifting from a fermentable to nonfermentable carbon source. The protein interacts with two UAS1 13-base pair elements and one URS 13-base pair element, one of which had been previously designated GPE (general regulatory factor 1 (GRF1) binding site potentiator element) (Bitter, G. A., Chang, K. K. H., and Egan, K. M. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 231, 22-32). We therefore termed the 20-kDa protein GPEB (GRF1-binding site potentiator element-binding protein). In addition, mutational analyses strongly suggested that UAS1, URS, and UAS2 interact with GRF1 and GPEB, GPEB, and the GCR1 (glycolysis regulation 1) gene product, respectively. We therefore concluded that constitutive transcription by the TDH3 promoter is sustained by two promoter elements and that the switch between them might be controlled by the nonfermentable carbon source-inducible GPEB.
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PMID:Fermentable and nonfermentable carbon sources sustain constitutive levels of expression of yeast triosephosphate dehydrogenase 3 gene from distinct promoter elements. 811 60

We have characterized cis-acting elements involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapA) encoding the A subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that a 1.1-kb promoter fragment of the GapA gene is sufficient to confer light inducibility and organ specificity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plants, using the beta-glucuronidase gene of Escherichia coli as the reporter gene. Deletion analysis indicates that the -359 to -110 bp region of the GapA gene is necessary for light responsiveness. Within this region there are three copies of a decamer repeat (termed the Gap box) having the consensus sequence 5'-CAAATGAA(A/G)A-3', which has not been characterized in the promoter regions of other light-regulated genes. A deletion (to -247) producing loss of one copy of these elements from the GapA promoter reduces light induction by two- to threefold compared with a promoter deletion (to -359) with all three Gap boxes present, while deletion of all three Gap boxes (to -110) abolishes light induction completely. Gel mobility shift experiments using tobacco nuclei as the source of nuclear proteins show that GapA promoter fragments that contain these repeats bind strongly to a factor in the nuclear extract and that binding can be abolished by synthetic competitors consisting only of a monomer or dimer of the Gap box. Furthermore, a trimer, dimer, and monomer of the Gap box show binding activity and, like the authentic GapA promoter-derived probes, show binding activities that are correlated with Gap box copy number. These results strongly suggest that these repeats play important roles in light regulation of the GapA gene of A. thaliana.
Mol Cell Biol 1994 Apr
PMID:Characterization of cis-acting elements in light regulation of the nuclear gene encoding the A subunit of chloroplast isozymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. 813 55

Sex hormones influence neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in certain hormone-dependent areas of the rat brain during neonatal development. These alterations are thought to mediate changes in brain structure and function between the sexes. Growth-associated protein 43 kDa (GAP-43) gene expression is estrogen-regulated in the adult ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and sexually dimorphic (M:F = 1.8:1) in adult cortex (CTX). Such effects intimate hormonal regulation of synaptic plasticity. To investigate the nature of these dimorphisms, the present study examined the ontogeny of expression of mRNAs encoding 3 neural-specific proteins: GAP-43, SCG10, and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25); and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), in the VMH and CTX; and also the effects of altering the neonatal sex hormonal milieu on the development of these adult dimorphisms. Levels of specific mRNAs in VMH and CTX were quantitated by slot-blot hybridization in rats of both sexes at different postnatal ages. To determine the involvement of neonatal sex hormones on the levels of these mRNAs, male neonatal rat pups were treated with an estrogen receptor antagonist or an aromatase inhibitor, and neonatal female pups were treated with testosterone or estrogen prior to slot-blot evaluations in adulthood. In VMH, GAP-43 mRNA levels were high on days P1 and P4 with a 3-fold decrease by day P23; in CTX, GAP-43 mRNA first increased by day P11, then fell to baseline by day P23. In VMH, SCG10 mRNA showed only small increases with time; but in CTX, there was a 5-fold drop from days P4 to P23. In VMH, SNAP-25 mRNA was low and changed only slightly; but in CTX there was a 5-fold increase between days P4 and P60. At birth, there was no sex dimorphism in either VMH or CTX, but the levels of all 3 neural-specific mRNAs were sexually dimorphic in adult CTX (M:F = 1.76 for GAP-43, 1.46 for SCG10, 1.44 for SNAP-25). GAPDH mRNA levels were regulated developmentally in VMH and CTX, but there was no sex dimorphism in either area. In male rats who received either an estrogen antagonist or aromatase inhibitor at birth, the CTX GAP-43 and SNAP-25 mRNA levels fell by 30%, to levels similar to untreated females. Conversely, in female rats, neonatal treatment with either testosterone or estrogen increased GAP-43 and SNAP-25 mRNA levels by about 30%, to levels similar to the untreated adult male. SCG10 levels did not demonstrate neonatal hormonal dependence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1993 Oct
PMID:Ontogeny, sex dimorphism, and neonatal sex hormone determination of synapse-associated messenger RNAs in rat brain. 825 71

Our previous phylogenetic analysis based on cDNA sequences of chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH; genes GapA and GapC, respectively) of the red alga Chondrus crispus suggested that rhodophytes and green plants are sister groups with respect to plastids and mitochondria and diverged at about the same time or somewhat later than animals and fungi. Here we characterize the genomic sequences of genes GapC and GapA of C. crispus with respect to promotor structures, intron/exon organization, genomic complexity, G + C content, CpG suppression and their transcript levels in gametophytes and protoplasts, respectively. To our knowledge this is the first report on nuclear protein genes of red algae. The GapC gene is G + C-rich, contains no introns and displays a number of classic sequence motifs within its promotor region, such as TATA, CAAT, GC boxes and several elements resembling the plant-specific G-box palindrome. The GapA gene has a moderate G+C content, a single CAAT box motif in its promotor region and a single intron of 115 bp near its 5' end. This intron occupies a conserved position corresponding to that of intron 1 in the transit peptide region of chloroplast GAPDH genes (GapA and GapB) of higher plants. It has consensus sequences similar to those of yeast introns and folds into a conspicuous secondary structure of -61.3 kJ. CpG profiles of genes GapC and GapA and their flanking sequences show no significant CpG depletion suggesting that these genomic sequences are not methylated. Genomic Southern blots hybridized with generic and gene specific probes indicate that both genes are encoded by single loci composed of multiple polymorphic alleles. Northern hybridizations demonstrate that both genes are expressed in gametophytes but not in protoplasts where appreciable amounts of transcripts can only be detected for GapC.
Plant Mol Biol 1993 Dec
PMID:The GAPDH gene system of the red alga Chondrus crispus: promoter structures, intron/exon organization, genomic complexity and differential expression of genes. 826 Jun 35

Effects of prolactin(Prl), bromocriptine(Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and combinations of these androgens with Prl/Br on the maximum catalytic capacities of seminal vesicular enzymes involved in the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways in castrated mature monkeys were studied. Castration decreased the activities of all of the enzymes studied such as hexokinase(HK), 6-phosphofructokinase(PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(G3PD), pyruvate kinase(PK), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase(6PGD) in the seminal vesicles. Prl restored the activities of all of the enzymes to their normal values except G3PD. TP/DHT maintained all the enzyme activities at the normal tissue intact level. Prl given along with androgens further enhanced the androgen action with regard to all the enzymes activities except G3PD. Br decreased all of the enzymes but Br with androgens maintained all the enzyme activities at the normal level. Castration decreased significantly serum T/DHT titres but Prl did not alter Prl levels. Prl+TP/DHT elevated Prl levels. Br alone decreased serum Prl, T and DHT titres, but Br+TP/DHT decreased only Prl, elevated T and maintained DHT levels. These results suggest that Prl has a direct as well as a synergistic action with androgens on the activities of the enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways in the seminal vesicles of castrated monkeys.
Biochem Mol Biol Int 1993 Oct
PMID:Effects of prolactin and androgens on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in seminal vesicles of castrated mature bonnet monkeys, Macaca radiata. 827 11

Determination of N-myc gene amplification, a powerful prognostic indicator in the childhood tumour, neuroblastoma, has routinely been performed by Southern analysis. We have developed a differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, in which the N-myc target gene is co-amplified with a control gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Following electrophoresis, a ratio between the two PCR products within a given DNA sample is then determined by densitometry. This assay was applied to DNA isolated from 32 primary neuroblastoma tumours for which the N-myc status had previously been determined by Southern analysis. Following PCR, samples containing a single copy of the N-myc oncogene were clearly distinguishable from samples with N-myc gene amplification, based on an N-myc/GAPDH ratio of below or above 1.0, respectively. Linear regression indicated a highly significant relationship (R = 0.94; P < 0.0001) between N-myc copy number (Southern) and N-myc/GAPDH ratio (PCR). Serial dilution of N-myc amplified DNA with non-amplified control DNA indicated that the PCR assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect two-fold amplification. Moreover, such serial dilution allowed determination of N-myc copy number. The assay, which requires only small amounts of tissue and does not utilize 32P-radioactivity, therefore provides a rapid and sensitive alternative to Southern analysis.
Mol Cell Probes 1993 Jun
PMID:Determination of N-myc gene amplification in neuroblastoma by differential polymerase chain reaction. 836 68

Schistosomes switch rapidly from the use of stored glycogen to a reliance on host glucose during the transformation from free-living cercariae to parasitic schistosomula. We have cloned a set of cDNAs encoding proteins involved in glucose metabolism to allow us to examine the expression of these genes during this transformation. We first obtained and characterized Schistosoma mansoni cDNA clones encoding the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (SMDH) and the mitochondrial encoded electron transport protein, cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (SCOX1). Northern blots were then prepared using mRNA isolated from whole cercariae, cercarial tails, schistosomula, adult males and adult females. The Northern blots were successively hybridized with a variety of probes including those for SMDH, SCOX, the glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and several control probes. Probes were additionally hybridized to mRNA dot blots and the signals were quantified using storage phosphor technology. These studies reveal that transcripts encoding these metabolic enzymes are localized at much higher levels in cercarial tails than in whole cercariae or transformed schistosomula, and support the notion of a dominant aerobic metabolism in tails. Male and female adult worms express each of the mRNAs at roughly equal levels. Adults express the metabolic mRNAs, including those involved in oxidative glucose metabolism, at relatively high levels suggesting that adult schistosomes retain a significant capacity to produce energy through aerobic metabolism.
Mol Biochem Parasitol 1993 Jul
PMID:Expression of Schistosoma mansoni genes involved in anaerobic and oxidative glucose metabolism during the cercaria to adult transformation. 839 6


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