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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Inhibin gene expression in the ovary is stimulated by FSH, which uses cAMP as an intracellular second messenger. To examine further the transcriptional regulation of the alpha inhibin gene by FSH and cAMP, we have isolated and characterized a genomic clone that contains the entire rat alpha inhibin gene. Sequence analysis of the alpha inhibin promoter region revealed several potential cAMP response elements (CREs) and transcription factor AP2-binding sites that might mediate cAMP regulation. To determine the functional importance of these sequences, fusion genes including the alpha inhibin 5' flanking region linked to a luciferase reporter gene were transiently transfected into primary granulosa cells isolated from immature rats. These fusion genes were both expressed and regulated by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin in transfected granulosa cells. Analysis of a series of 5' deletion mutants indicated that a construct containing as little as 170 basepairs up-stream of the alpha inhibin start site, which includes a single imperfect CRE and no AP2 sites, was regulated by forskolin. DNAse footprinting was used to demonstrate that bacterially expressed CRE-binding protein (CREB) binds to this CRE located 122 basepairs up-stream of the alpha inhibin gene transcriptional start site. To investigate further the role of this CRE in alpha inhibin gene expression, site-specific mutagenesis of the CRE was performed. The alpha inhibin promoter containing a mutated CRE was not regulated by forskolin in granulosa cells and did not bind the CREB protein. Interestingly, mutation of the CRE also substantially reduced basal expression of the alpha inhibin promoter. Lastly, a gel mobility shift assay was used to examine CRE-binding proteins from granulosa cell extracts. Granulosa cells contain a protein that specifically interacts with CRE-containing oligonucleotides or with the alpha inhibin promoter and that is recognized by antibodies against the CREB protein. Our results suggest that CREB or related transcription factors play an important role in both basal and cAMP-regulated expression of the alpha inhibin gene in ovarian granulosa cells.
Mol Endocrinol 1991 Apr
PMID:Regulation of the alpha inhibin gene by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate after transfection into rat granulosa cells. 171 33

The gene encoding mZP3, the mouse sperm receptor, is expressed exclusively in growing oocytes during oogenesis. To investigate the molecular basis of oocyte-specific mZP3 gene expression, we generated several lines of mice harboring a transgene that contains 470 bp of mZP3 gene 5'-flanking sequence (nucleotides -470 to +10) fused to the firefly luciferase gene coding region. Three of four expressing transgenic lines exhibited luciferase activity only in growing oocytes, suggesting that the 470-bp fragment is sufficient to direct Iocyte-specific expression of the luciferase gene. Results of DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays suggested the presence of an ovary-specific protein that binds to a small region (nucleotides-99 to -86) within the 470-bp fragment of the mZP3 promoter, with 5'-G(G/A)T(G/A)A-3' representing the minimal sequence required for binding. Southwestern (DNA-protein) gel blots revealed the presence of an oocyte-specific, approximately 60,000-Mr protein, called OSP-1, that binds to the minimal sequence. Changes in levels of OSP-1 during oogenesis and early cleavage are consistent with the pattern of mZP3 gene expression during these developmental stages in mice. Therefore, OSP-1 may be a mammalian oocyte-specific transcription factor involved in regulating oocyte-specific mZP3 gene expression.
Mol Cell Biol 1992 Jan
PMID:A mouse oocyte-specific protein that binds to a region of mZP3 promoter responsible for oocyte-specific mZP3 gene expression. 172 94

Previous work has shown that the firefly (Photinus pyralis) luciferase contains a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal consisting of the tripeptide Ser-Lys-Leu. This report describes the microinjection of two proteins, (i) luciferase and (ii) albumin conjugated to a peptide ending in the sequence Ser-Lys-Leu, into mammalian cells grown in tissue culture. Following microinjection, incubation of the cells at 37 degrees C resulted in peroxisomal transport of these exogenous proteins into catalase-containing vesicles. The translocation was both time and temperature dependent. The transport could be inhibited by coinjection of synthetic peptides bearing various peroxisomal targeting signal motifs. These proteins could be transported into peroxisomes in normal human fibroblast cell lines but not in cell lines derived from patients with Zellweger syndrome. These results demonstrate that microinjection of peroxisomal proteins yields an authentic in vivo system with which to study peroxisomal transport. Furthermore, these results reveal that the process of peroxisomal transport does not involve irreversible modification of the protein, that artificial hybrid substrates can be transported and used as tools to study peroxisomal transport, and that the defect in Zellweger syndrome is indeed the inability to transport proteins containing the Ser-Lys-Leu targeting signal into the peroxisomal lumen.
Mol Cell Biol 1992 Feb
PMID:Transport of microinjected proteins into peroxisomes of mammalian cells: inability of Zellweger cell lines to import proteins with the SKL tripeptide peroxisomal targeting signal. 173 29

A 420-bp fragment from the 5' end of the rat thyroperoxidase (TPO) gene was fused to a luciferase reporter and shown to direct cell-type-specific expression when transfected into rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. Analysis of this DNA fragment revealed four regions of the promoter which interact with DNA-binding proteins present in FRTL-5 cells. Mutation of the DNA sequence within any of these regions reduced TPO promoter activity. The trans-acting factors binding to these sequences were compared with thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and TTF-2, previously identified as transcriptional activators of another thyroid-specific gene, the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene. Purified TTF-1 binds to three regions of TPO which are protected by FRTL-5 proteins. Two of the binding sites overlap with recognition sites for other DNA-binding proteins. One TTF-1 site can also bind a protein (UFB) present in the nuclei of both expressing and nonexpressing cells. TTF-1 binding to the proximal region overlaps with that for a novel protein present in FRTL-5 cells which can also recognize the promoter-proximal region of Tg. Using a combination of techniques, the factor binding to the fourth TPO promoter site was shown to be TTF-2. We conclude, therefore, that the FRTL-5-specific expression of two thyroid restricted genes, encoding TPO and Tg, relies on a combination of the same trans-acting factors present in thyroid cells.
Mol Cell Biol 1992 Feb
PMID:Cell-type-specific expression of the rat thyroperoxidase promoter indicates common mechanisms for thyroid-specific gene expression. 173 32

Two TRH-responsive elements have been identified in the rat TSH beta gene by deletion/mutation analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the gene and transfection of TSH beta-luciferase constructs into the GH3 pituitary cell line. Biological responsiveness was confirmed by inserting synthetic oligonucleotides next to the heterologous viral thymidine kinase (tk) promoter in tk luciferase (tkLUC) constructs. Both DNA regions, termed TSH A (at -274 to -258 bp) and TSH C (-402 to -385 bp), have a high level of sequence similarity to binding sites for the POU domain pituitary transcription factor Pit-1/GHF-1. In transfection assays, the TSH A region had no basal enhancer activity, but did confer 3- to 6-fold TRH- and PMA-stimulated transcriptional responses to the tk promoter. The TSH C region conferred basal enhancer activity (3- to 10-fold above control tkLUC) as well as a 2- to 3-fold TRH or PMA response. Combinations of TSH A and TSH C elements conferred both enhancer activity and a TRH- or PMA-stimulated response, but more than two copies of the regions resulted in no further stimulatory effect. Both TSH beta gene regions bound to nuclear proteins from GH3 cells, as determined by gel retardation analysis. The TSH A region DNA formed three prominent DNA-protein complexes, ranging from slowly to rapidly migrating bands and with calculated affinities of 32, 0.5, and 208 nM, respectively. The TSH C region formed two major complexes, which corresponded on the basis of mobility to the most slowly and rapidly migrating complexes formed by TSH A, but with calculated affinities of 3.1 and 33 nM. TSH C also formed a rapidly migrating minor complex unique for this gene region. The more rapidly migrating complexes appeared to be specific to nuclear proteins from GH3 cells. Treatment of cells with TRH did not significantly alter the affinity of protein binding. Mutation of TSH A and TSH C DNA by T to G substitutions abolished the ability of the DNA to confer a TRH response and severely inhibited the ability of the DNA to bind to GH3 nuclear proteins. Thus, transcriptional regulation of the rat TSH beta gene by TRH is correlated with the ability of the two TRH-sensitive elements to bind nuclear proteins. The differences noted in basal enhancer activity or the degree of TRH responsiveness may be related to some unique proteins bound to each DNA or to the differences in affinity of binding of the proteins common to both elements.
Mol Endocrinol 1992 Jan
PMID:Thyrotropin (TSH)-releasing hormone-responsive elements in the rat TSH beta gene have distinct biological and nuclear protein-binding properties. 173 70

Expression of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) mRNA and protein can be stimulated by estrogens such as 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in estrogen-responsive rodent and human breast cancer cells. To ascertain if E2 can directly regulate TGF alpha expression through the 5'-flanking region of the human TGF alpha gene, E2-responsive MCF-7 or ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells or E2-nonresponsive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were transiently transfected with a plasmid containing an 1140-base pair (bp) Sac-I fragment of the TGF alpha 5'-flanking region ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Cells that were transfected and subsequently treated with physiological concentrations of E2 (10(-11)-10(-8) M) for 24 h exhibited a 2- to 10-fold increase in CAT activity. The E2 stimulation of CAT activity was dose-dependent with an increase first found at 10(-10) M E2. The increase in CAT activity could be detected within 24-36 h after the addition of E2. There was no significant change in CAT activity in transiently transfected MDA-MB-231 cells as mediated through the TGF alpha 5'-flanking region after E2 treatment. MCF-7 cells were also transiently transfected with different fragments of the TGF alpha 5'-flanking region ligated to the luciferase gene. In the absence of E2 treatment, no detectable luciferase activity was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Endocrinol 1991 Dec
PMID:Regulation by estrogen through the 5'-flanking region of the transforming growth factor alpha gene. 179 40

We have identified and characterized a promoter regulatory region for the human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene. The 5'-ends of IGF-I mRNAs were first mapped to a series of sites within a 158-nucleotide portion of exon 1 that was found to be structurally similar to the recently delineated transcription start region of the chicken IGF-I gene. In both species multiple initiation sites are probably a reflection of the absence of typical transcriptional regulatory signals, such as a TATA or CCAAT box, in the proximal promoter, although neither gene sequence resembles a GC-rich housekeeping promoter, which also controls a dispersed initiation region. To test promoter function, hybrid genes were constructed linking human IGF-I DNA to a promoterless reporter plasmid. Fusion genes containing from 385-4300 nucleotides of the IGF-I 5'-flanking region enhanced luciferase activity after transfection into the IGF-I-producing SK-N-MC cell line. A plasmid with 1630 nucleotides of 5'-DNA gave maximal activity and directed accurate initiation of the hybrid gene while the same promoter fragment inserted in the reverse orientation was inert. Although cognate recognition sequences were identified for several transcription factors in the 1630 nucleotides 5' to the transcription start region, no sites were found that resembled the putative GH response element recently mapped to the proximal promoter of the rat Spi2.1 gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mol Endocrinol 1991 Dec
PMID:Structure and function of a human insulin-like growth factor-I gene promoter. 179 41

To study the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms which mediate cardiac-specific and inducible expression during myocardial cell hypertrophy, we have extensively characterized the rat cardiac myosin light-chain-2 (MLC-2) gene as a model system. The MLC-2 gene encodes a relatively abundant contractile protein in slow skeletal and cardiac muscle and is upregulated during in vivo cardiac hypertrophy and alpha-adrenergic-mediated hypertrophy of neonatal rat myocardial cells. In transient expression assays employing a series of MLC-2-luciferase constructs, recent studies have identified a 250-bp fragment which is sufficient for both cardiac-specific and alpha-adrenergic-inducible expression. Within this 250-bp fragment lie three regions (HF-1, HF-2, and HF-3), each greater than 10 bp in length, which are conserved between the chicken and rat cardiac MLC-2 genes, suggesting their potential role in the regulated expression of this contractile protein gene. As assessed by substitution mutations within each of the conserved regions, the present study demonstrates that HF-1 and HF-2 are important in both cardiac-specific and inducible expression, while HF-3 has no detectable role in the regulated expression of the MLC-2 gene in transient expression assays. HF-1 sequences confer both cardiac-specific and inducible expression to a neutral promoter-luciferase construct but have no significant effect in the skeletal muscle or nonmuscle cell contexts. Thus, these studies have identified a new cardiac-specific regulatory element (HF-1) which plays a role in both cardiac-specific and inducible expression during myocardial cell hypertrophy.
Mol Cell Biol 1991 Apr
PMID:A conserved 28-base-pair element (HF-1) in the rat cardiac myosin light-chain-2 gene confers cardiac-specific and alpha-adrenergic-inducible expression in cultured neonatal rat myocardial cells. 184 75

Both exon 1 and intron 1 of the maize Shrunken-1 (Sh1) gene individually stimulate expression of reporter genes in transient gene expression experiments if present within the transcription unit. The Sh1 exon 1 mediates a 10-fold increase in activity when inserted at the 5' end of the bacterial chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) marker gene in both monocot and dicot protoplasts. The Sh1 intron 1 enhances chimeric gene expression in rice and maize protoplasts approximately 100-fold but inhibits CAT expression in tobacco protoplasts. In combination, the stimulatory effects of Sh1 exon 1 and intron 1 are multiplicative in monocot protoplasts resulting in a final enhancement of up to 1000-fold compared to the unmodified CAT or luciferase marker genes.
Plant Mol Biol 1991 Feb
PMID:The combination of a novel stimulatory element in the first exon of the maize Shrunken-1 gene with the following intron 1 enhances reporter gene expression up to 1000-fold. 189 97

The transient expression of the two reporter genes, the genes for luciferase and bacterial beta-galactosidase, were used for comparative estimation of vaccinia viral promoters and for characterizing of the constructed plasmids. The recombinant clones of vaccinia virus expressing simultaneously and with high efficiency the luciferase and beta-galactosidase were used for studying the reproduction of vaccinia virus in mammalian cells. The advantages of the luciferase gene in using it as a reporter gene are discussed.
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 1991 Feb
PMID:[Expression of the glow worm luciferase gene in mammalian cells using vectors based on vaccinia viruses]. 190 77


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