Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent and intrusive thoughts that are distressing (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform (compulsions). OCD has a partly genetic basis. For treatment of OCD, potent serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) drugs (clomipramine (Anafranil), fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil)), which act on the serotonin transporter protein, are uniquely efficacious. A polymorphism in the promoter region of the gene (SLC6A4) encoding this protein, was recently reported to affect protein expression and to be associated with measures of anxiety and depression and with autism (using a family-controlled transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) design). SLC6A4 therefore has strong a priori support for potentially influencing risk for OCD: the protein it encodes is a medication target; a polymorphism in the gene affects function; and that polymorphism has been shown to be associated with behavioral phenotypes. We used the TDT with a set of 34 European-American family trios, 30 unrelated and four drawn from an extended pedigree, to test for linkage disequilibrium between OCD and alleles at the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphic locus. Of 35 heterozygous parents, 24 transmitted the 'l' SLC6A4 allele and 11 transmitted the 's' allele (chi 2 TDT = 4.83; P < 0.03). Considering only the 13 SRI drug nonresponders, there were 13 heterozygous parents, of whom 10 transmitted the 'l' allele and three the 's' allele (chi 2 TDT = 3.77; P < 0.052). These data provide preliminary support for association and linkage disequilibrium between the SLC6A4 'l' allele and OCD.
Mol Psychiatry 1998 May
PMID:Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and obsessive compulsive disorder. 967 4

The 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the transcript encoding the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key regulatory sequence that determines the amount of intracellular APP holoprotein present in brain derived cells. Using neuroblastoma cells (SY5Y) we developed a transfection based screen of a library of FDA drugs to identify compounds that limited APP luciferase reporter expression translated from the APP 5'UTR. Paroxetine (Paxil trade mark ), dimercaptopropanol, phenserine, desferrioxamine, tetrathiolmobdylate, and azithromycin were six leads that were subsequently found to also suppress APP holoprotein levels or to alter APP cleavage (azithromycin). Since APP holoprotein levels are proportionate to Abeta peptide output in many systems we tested the efficacy of paroxetine and dimercaptopropanol to limit Abeta secretion as measured by ELISA assays. Paroxetine and dimercaptopropanol limited Abeta peptide secretion from lens epithelial cells (B3 cells). Interestingly, paroxetine changed the steady-state levels of transferrin receptor mRNAs. These data suggested that this serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) provided extra pharmacological action to chelate interacellular iron or change the intracellular iron distribution. An altered iron distribution would be predicted to indirectly limit APP holoprotein expression and Abeta peptide secretion.
J Mol Neurosci 2004
PMID:FDA-preapproved drugs targeted to the translational regulation and processing of the amyloid precursor protein. 1531 61

Paroxetine hydrochloride (HCl) is an antidepressant drug, reported to exist in the anhydrous form (form II) and as a stable hemihydrate (form I). In this study, we investigate the hydration behavior of paroxetine HCl form II with a view to understanding both the nature of the interaction with water and the interchange between forms II and I as a function of both temperature and water content. In particular, we present new evidence for both the structure and the interconversion process to be more complex than previously recognized. A combination of characterization techniques was used, including thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), spectroscopic (attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) with variable humidity, along with computational molecular modeling of the crystal structures. The total amount of water present in form II was surprisingly high (3.8% w/w, 0.8 mol of water/mol of drug), with conversion to the hemihydrate noted on heating in hermetically sealed DSC pans. XRPD, supported by ATR-FTIR and DVS, indicated changes in the unit cell dimensions as a function of water content, with clear evidence for reversible expansion and contraction as a function of relative humidity (RH). Based on these data, we suggest that paroxetine HCl form II is not an anhydrate but rather a nonstoichiometric hydrate. However, no continuous channels are present and, according to molecular modeling simulation, the water is moderately strongly bonded to the crystal, which is in itself an uncommon feature when referring to nonstoichiometric hydrates. Overall, therefore, we suggest that the anhydrous form of paroxetine HCl is not only a nonstoichiometric hydrate but also one that shows highly unusual characteristics in terms of gradual unit cell expansion and contraction despite the absence of continuous channels. These structural features in turn influence the tendency of this drug to convert to the more stable hemihydrate. The study has implications for the recognition and understanding of the behavior of pharmaceutical nonstoichiometric hydrates.
Mol Pharm 2012 Dec 03
PMID:Identification and characterization of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric hydrate forms of paroxetine HCl: reversible changes in crystal dimensions as a function of water absorption. 2305 Nov 51