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Total lipids (TL), lipid classes, and their associated fatty acids from muscle and liver of captive and wild mature female broodstocks were investigated in order to estimate the fatty acid requirements of white seabream (Diplodus sargus). The results showed that the percentage of triacylglycerol was higher in liver and muscle of captive fish than in wild fish. The distribution of phospholipid classes in liver and muscle of both fish groups was similar, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol being the predominant lipid classes. The general pattern of fatty acid distribution in total lipid of liver and muscle from captive and wild fish was similar. However, the relative percentage of specific fatty acids differed in captive and wild fish. The most noteworthy difference was the lower proportion of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA) and the higher proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) in liver and muscle of captive fish with respect to those of wild fish. The proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) did not differ between the two fish groups. The differences in EPA and AA proportions between captive and wild fish implied that captive fish presented a higher EPA/AA ratio and a lower DHA/EPA ratio than wild fish. In general terms, in both liver and muscle, the differences in fatty acid composition observed for TL were extended to all lipid classes. The results suggest that the different AA, EPA and DHA proportions in liver and muscle between captive and wild broodstocks are attributed to different levels of these fatty acids in broodstock diets.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004 May
PMID:Lipid and fatty acid composition of muscle and liver from wild and captive mature female broodstocks of white seabream, Diplodus sargus. 1514 40

Consumption of contaminated water has been implicated as a major source of Cryptosporidium infection in various outbreak investigations and case control studies. Surveys conducted in various regions of the United States demonstrated the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in 67-100% of wastewaters, 24-100% of surface waters, and 17-26.8% of drinking waters. The identity and human infective potential of these waterborne oocysts are not known, although it is likely that not all oocysts are from human-infecting Cryptosporidium species. Likewise, the source of the oocyst contamination is also not fully clear. Farm animals and human sewage discharge are generally considered to be the major sources of surface water contamination with C. parvum. Because Cryptosporidium infection is common in wildlife, it is conceivable that wildlife can also be a source for Cryptosporidium oocysts in waters. The presence of host-adapted Cryptosporidium spp. and genotypes makes it possible to develop molecular tools to assess the human infection potential and source of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water.Currently, the identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental samples is largely made by the use of immunofluorescent assay (IFA) after concentration processes (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] recommended information collection rule [ICR] method or method 1622/1623 or similar techniques). Because IFA detects oocysts from all Cryptosporidium parasites, the species distribution of Cryptosporidium parasites in environmental samples cannot be assessed. Although many surface water samples contain Cryptosporidium oocysts, it is unlikely that all these oocysts are from human-pathogenic species or genotypes, because only five genotypes of Cryptosporidium parasites (the C. parvum human and bovine genotypes, C. meleagridis, C. canis, and C. felis) are responsible for most human infections. Information on the source of C. parvum contamination is necessary for effective evaluation and selection of management practices for reducing C. parvum contamination of surface water and the risk of cryptosporidiosis. Thus, identification of oocysts to species and genotype levels is of public health importance.
Methods Mol Biol 2004
PMID:Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by PCR-RFLP. 1515 28

The US population is located in a wide range of latitudes, longitudes, and altitudes over mainland United States. Subsequently, high UV irradiants are found at southern locales, whilst in some northern areas, particularly at high latitudes, insufficient levels of ambient UV radiation to synthesize pre Vitamin D in humans are reported. This fact, coupled with the cold northern climates (resulting in high amounts of skin covered in clothing), some people may be susceptible to hypovitaminosis D. Surprisingly, hypovitaminosis D is still relatively common in developed countries such as the USA and the UK. In a large epidemiologically based study of 15,778 noninstitutionalized adult men and women living in the US, 9% had low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (15 ng/ml) [N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998) 12]. Further evidence of this came from recent research by McGrath [Med. Hypertens. 56 (2001) 367] who found that adults living in South East Queensland (with Queensland known as having the highest rates of skin cancer in the world) have surprisingly high rates of Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency (8 and 23%, respectively). Therefore, hypovitaminosis D represents a serious issue for public health in both sunny and cold climates. This paper will present data on the distribution of Vitamin D forming UV over the USA using collected spectrally resolved ambient UV data from the US EPA Brewer spectrometer UV Monitoring Network. This data is obtained from the network of 21 Brewer spectrometers deployed throughout the USA, allowing for investigation of changes in Vitamin D producing UV with season and location.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004 May
PMID:The climatology of Vitamin D producing ultraviolet radiation over the United States. 1522 24

Invertebrates account for roughly 95% of all animals, yet surprisingly, little effort has been invested to understand their value in signaling potential environmental endocrine disruption. There has been, however, much recent attention on vitellogenin induction in egg-laying invertebrates and vertebrates as indicators of exposure to estrogenic xenobiotics. Mysid shrimp (Crustacea: Mysidacea) have been put forward by several researchers and regulatory bodies (e.g., US-EPA) as suitable test organisms for the evaluation of environmental endocrine disruption. In view of developing sensitive assays to study endocrine disruption in the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer, we isolated and characterized vitellin, the major yolk protein in eggs. Vitellin was purified using gel filtration and characterized by electrophoresis using different staining procedures. Specific (as shown by Western blotting) polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbit against the purified vitellin of N. integer. These antisera will be used to develop immunoassays to study vitellogenesis in mysids and to detect potential stimulatory or inhibitory effects of endocrine disruptors on the production of vitellin.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004 Aug
PMID:Purification and characterization of vitellin from the estuarine mysid Neomysis integer (Crustacea; Mysidacea). 1536 31

To establish the changes which occur during embryogenesis and early larvae development, eggs, yolk-sac larvae (one day old larvae) and absorbed yolk-sac larvae (three day old larvae) of white sea bream were examined for lipid class and fatty acid composition. The development was characterized by a decrease in all lipid classes with the exception of phosphatidylserine (PS) and fatty free acids (FFA) which increased, and sphingomyelin (SM) which remained unchanged. The changes observed in lipid class content and the decrease in fatty acids in total lipid (TL) reflect the utilization and mobilization of lipids during both embryogenesis and early larvae development. Fluctuations in the relative composition of fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine (PC) during development suggest a selective bulk uptake and catabolism of fatty acids in this lipid class. Unlike PC, catabolism of triacylglycerol (TG) fatty acid appears to be non-selective. During development, the decrease in levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) in total lipid denotes their utilization as energy substrate by Diplodus sargus larvae.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004 Oct
PMID:Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition during development in white seabream (Diplodus sargus) eggs and larvae. 1546 67

The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata is able to bind in vitro to human epithelial cells. This interaction depends on expression of the adhesin Epa1p. The genome contains a number of EPA1 paralogues which localize to the subtelomeric regions of the C. glabrata. We have identified three hyperadherent mutants of C. glabrata. The first has an insertion adjacent to EPA7, an EPA1-related adhesin. The others disrupt the SIR3 and RIF1 genes of C. glabrata. We show that SIR3 and RIF1 are required for subtelomeric silencing in C. glabrata and that RIF1 regulates telomere length in C. glabrata. We show that the hyperadherent phenotype of the sir3Delta and rif1Delta deletion strains depends primarily on derepression of two novel members of the EPA gene family -EPA6 and EPA7. The sir3Delta and rif1Delta mutants show increased colonization of the kidney in a murine model of disseminated infection and this hypercolonization depends, at least in part, on derepression of EPA6 and EPA7. The analysis here is the first evidence that multiple EPA genes encode adhesins and demonstrates that transcription of at least two of these adhesins is regulated by subtelomeric silencing.
Mol Microbiol 2005 Feb
PMID:Telomere length control and transcriptional regulation of subtelomeric adhesins in Candida glabrata. 1568 68

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of substitution of fish oil by vegetable oils rich in oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids on gilthead seabream plasma and leukocyte fatty acid compositions and prostaglandin (PG) and leptin production. Juvenile seabream of 24 g initial body mass were fed four iso-energetic and iso-proteic experimental diets for 281 days. Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids was markedly affected by the inclusion of vegetable oils (VO). ARA (arachidonate), EPA (eicosapentaenoate) and DHA (docosahexaenoate) were preferentially incorporated into polar lipids of plasma, and DHGLA (di-homogammalinoleate) accumulated with increased vegetable oil inclusion. Dietary treatments resulted in alterations of DHGLA/ARA ratios, but not ARA/EPA. ARA-derived PGE(2) production in plasma was not affected by vegetable oils, in agreement with similar eicosanoid precursor ratio (ARA/EPA) in leukocytes total lipids and plasma phospholipids among fish fed with the different dietary treatments. Feeding vegetable oils leads to a decrease in plasma EPA which in turn reduced plasma PGE(3) concentration. Moreover, PGE(3) was the major prostaglandin produced in plasma of fish fed fish oil based diet. Such findings point out the importance of EPA as a precursor of prostaglandins in marine fish, at least for the correct function of the blood cells, and correlates well with the predominant role of this fatty acid in immune regulation in this species. A negative correlation was found between plasma PGE(2) and leptin plasma concentration, suggesting that circulating levels of leptin may act as a metabolic signal modulating PGE(2) release. The present study has shown that increased inclusion of vegetable oils in diet for gilthead seabream may profoundly affect the fatty acid composition of plasma and leukocytes, specially HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids), and consequently the production of PGE(3), which can be a major PG in plasma. Alteration in the amount and type of PG produced can be at least partially responsible for the changes in the immune system and health parameters of fish fed diets with high inclusion of VO.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005 Dec
PMID:Effect of dietary lipids on plasma fatty acid profiles and prostaglandin and leptin production in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). 1625 54

Seasonal dynamics of contents of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in dominant groups of benthic invertebrates: gammarids (Gammaridae, Amphipoda), oligochaetes (Oligochaeta), chironomid larvae (Chironomidae, Diptera) and caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), and dominant benthivorous fish, Siberian grayling Thymallus arcticus, have been studied in ecosystem of the large Siberian river. During the year of the study most benthic invertebrate taxa showed significant variations in the contents of both C-18 and long chain C-20-22 PUFAs. In contrast, the fish, which consumed the zoobenthos, had no significant seasonal variations in long chain PUFAs' contents. Thereby, the fish, as organisms of relatively higher evolution level than invertebrates, was supposed to have more strict metabolic control of long chain PUFAs' contents. Evidence was obtained that the studied fish species, grayling, may be capable to convert dietary EPA into DHA.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol
PMID:Comparison of seasonal dynamics of the essential PUFA contents in benthic invertebrates and grayling Thymallus arcticus in the Yenisei river. 1699 85

The polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCB) are ubiquitous in food of animal origin and accumulate in fatty tissues of animals and humans. The most toxic congener is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The toxic responses include dermal toxicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Toxic equivalency factors have been established for the other PCDD, PCDF and dioxin-like PCB relative to TCDD, and the combined toxicity of a sample can be expressed as toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ). The EC Scientific Committee for Food evaluated these compounds in 2001. The assessment used the most sensitive adverse toxicological end-points of TCDD in experimental animals. These were developmental and reproductive effects in the male offspring of rats administered TCDD during pregnancy. Because of the large difference between rats and humans in the biological half-life of TCDD, the assessment used a body burden approach to compare across species and derived a tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg TCDD/kg of body weight (bw), which was extended to include all the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF, and the dioxin-like PCB, and expressed as a group tolerable weekly intake of 14 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw. The FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) performed a similar assessment whereas the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has paid more attention to human data on carcinogenicity.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2006 Oct
PMID:Risk assessments of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in food. 1700 11

Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial mass 5 g, were fed one of three practical type diets for 64 weeks. The three diets differed only in the added oil and were 100% fish oil (FO; diet A), 40% FO/60% vegetable oil blend (VO; diet B) where the VO blend was rapeseed oil, linseed oil and palm oil in the ratio 10/35/15 by weight and 40% FO/60% VO blend (diet C) where the ratio was 24/24/12 by weight. After final sample collection the remaining fish were switched to a 100% FO finishing diet for a further 20 weeks. After 64 weeks fish fed 60% VO diet B had significantly lower live mass and liver mass than fish fed diets A and C although SGR, FCR and length were not different between groups. There were no differences in any of the above parameters after either 14 or 20 weeks on the FO finishing diet. Fatty acid compositions of flesh were correlated to dietary fatty acids although there was selective retention of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) regardless of dietary input. Inclusion of dietary VO resulted in significantly reduced flesh levels of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) while 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 were all significantly increased in fish fed the 60% VO diets. Fatty acid compositions of liver showed broadly similar changes, as a result of dietary fatty acid composition, as was seen in flesh. However, the response of flesh and liver to feeding a FO finishing diet was different. In flesh, DHA and EPA values were not restored after 14 or 20 weeks of feeding a FO finishing diet with the values in fish fed the two 60% VO diets being around 70% of the values seen in fish fed FO throughout. Conversely, and despite liver DHA and EPA levels being reduced to only 40% of the value seen in fish fed 100% FO after 64 weeks, the levels of liver DHA and EPA were not significantly different between treatments after feeding the FO finishing diet for 14 weeks. However, a 200 g portion of sea bass flesh, after feeding the experimental diets for 64 weeks followed by a FO diet for 14 weeks, contained 1.22 and 0.95 g of EPA+DHA for fish fed FO or 60% VO, respectively. Therefore, sea bass grown for most of the production cycle using diets containing 60% VO can still contribute a significant quantity of healthy n-3 HUFA to the human consumer.
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol
PMID:Partial replacement of dietary fish oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet. 1705 62


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