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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nonviral plasmid DNA is a promising vector for achieving ex vivo and in vivo gene transfer. However, transgene expression is usually transient, especially in dividing target cells due to loss of vector genomes. Here we describe the use of naked double-stranded (ds) linear DNA as a way to insert exogenous DNA sequences into chromosomes of mouse hepatocytes in vivo, without helper components such as integrase or transposase. We constructed ds linear DNA vectors with or without adeno-associated virus inverted terminal repeats (AAV-ITRs), introduced them into mouse hepatocytes in vivo using a hydrodynamics-based transfection technique, and analyzed for vector genome integration in various ways. Surprisingly, these linear DNA molecules integrated in mouse hepatocytes in vivo at a level of 0.3-0.5 vector genome, or more, per diploid genomic equivalent irrespective of the AAV-ITR sequences. Our results establish a novel and simple way to engineer chromosomes in vivo and provide further insights into the mechanisms of recombinant AAV vector integration in vivo. In addition, they may provide a clue for developing new nonviral integrating gene delivery vector systems.
Mol Ther 2003 Jan
PMID:Helper-independent and AAV-ITR-independent chromosomal integration of double-stranded linear DNA vectors in mice. 1257 23

Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) are ligand-gated Ca(2+) channels that control Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. They are central to a wide range of cellular responses. IP(3)Rs in Caenorhabditis elegans are encoded by a single gene, itr-1, and are widely expressed. Signaling through IP(3) and IP(3)Rs is important in ovulation, control of the defecation cycle, modulation of pharyngeal pumping rate, and embryogenesis. To further elucidate the molecular basis of the diversity of IP(3)R function, we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to search for proteins that interact with ITR-1. We identified an interaction between ITR-1 and IRI-1, a previously uncharacterized protein with homology to LIN-15B. Iri-1 is widely expressed, and its expression overlaps significantly with that of itr-1. In agreement with this observation, iri-1 functions in known itr-1-mediated processes, namely, upregulation of pharyngeal pumping in response to food and control of the defecation cycle. Knockdown of iri-1 in an itr-1 loss-of-function mutant potentiates some of these effects and sheds light on the signaling pathways that control pharyngeal pumping rate. Knockdown of iri-1 expression also results in a sterile, evl phenotype, as a consequence of failures in early Z1/Z4 lineage divisions, such that gonadogenesis is severely disrupted.
Mol Biol Cell 2004 Jul
PMID:IRI-1, a LIN-15B homologue, interacts with inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors and regulates gonadogenesis, defecation, and pharyngeal pumping in Caenorhabditis elegans. 1513 27

Studies in animals and human clinical trials demonstrate the safety and persistence of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) serotype 2 vectors in a variety of tissues. rAAV vectors of other serotypes are also being developed for efficient gene transfer. To date, the literature describing these vectors has relied on physical or transducing titers to determine dose, but few, if any, infectious titers have been presented. This is due in large part to the lack of reagents and methods that would facilitate the infectious titering of vectors other than serotype 2. Here, we describe reagents and methods for infectious titering of AAV2 ITR-containing vectors pseudotyped with other AAV capsid serotypes and demonstrate their utility by titering pseudotyped rAAV1 or rAAV5 vectors. Cell lines are screened for optimal transduction using a vector of a particular serotype that expresses a marker transgene. Once a cell line and vector serotype are matched, a recombinant herpes simplex virus vector expressing AAV2 rep and cap genes provides helper functions that amplify the rAAV vector genome. The vector genomes are then detected and a titer is calculated. These methods generate reliable infectious titers for AAV vectors of different serotypes, thus enhancing product characterization and reducing risk in future clinical applications.
Mol Ther 2005 Feb
PMID:Herpesvirus-based infectious titering of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. 1566 44

The majority of known tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains consist of three copies of the helix-turn-helix TPR motif, together with a seventh C-terminal helix. TPR domains function as protein-protein recognition modules in intracellular signalling. This function is exemplified by the TPR domain of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), which binds to the C terminus of the chaperone protein Hsp90. Here, we report NMR and CD spectroscopic studies that reveal that this domain is largely unfolded at physiological temperatures, and that interaction with an MEEVD pentapeptide derived from Hsp90 stabilises a folded structure. This complex, coupled folding-binding mechanism is characterised further by its observed enthalpy change on binding (determined by isothermal titration calorimetry), which displays a markedly non-linear relationship with temperature. A nested Gibbs-Helmholtz model is used in a novel combined analysis of the CD and ITC data to determine separately the thermodynamic contributions of the intrinsic folding and binding events to the overall coupled process. The analysis shows that, despite the expected large entropic opposition to the folding process, a nearly equal favourable folding enthalpy means the net effect of coupled folding on the observed affinity is small across a broad range of temperature. We hypothesise that a coupled folding-binding mechanism is common in this class of domains.
J Mol Biol 2005 Feb 25
PMID:Molecular recognition via coupled folding and binding in a TPR domain. 1571 58

Therapeutic transgene expression from oncolytic viruses represents one approach to increasing the effectiveness of these agents as cancer therapeutics. In the case of the oncolytic adenovirus (Ad), however, the genomic packaging capacity is constrained. To address this, we explored whether a transposon-based system could identify sites in the viral genome where endogenous Ad promoters could drive transgene expression via splicing and still maintain the replication capacity of the virus. Using GFP as a reporter gene and an E3-deleted Ad genome as a target, we tested three splicing signals. RACE analysis confirmed that gene expression from the GFP-expressing Ads occurs via splicing and traced expression to the Ad major late promoter (MLP). Replacement of the GFP transposon by an equivalent splice acceptor-luciferase expression cassette in the same orientation confirmed that substitute transgenes are also expressed via splicing from the MLP. Interestingly, insertion of the substitute transgene in the opposite orientation also resulted in expression that, in some cases, originated from within the ITR region of the viral genome. In summary, splice acceptor sequences can be used to control transgene expression from endogenous Ad promoters and this represents a genomically economical approach to arming oncolytic Ads.
Mol Ther 2005 Dec
PMID:Identification of novel insertion sites in the Ad5 genome that utilize the Ad splicing machinery for therapeutic gene expression. 1616 98

PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase) is an important component of host defense to virus infection. Binding of dsRNA to two dsRBDs (double-stranded RNA binding domains) of PKR modulates its own kinase activation. How structural features of natural target RNAs, such as bulges and loops, have an effect on the binding to two dsRBDs of PKR still remains unclear. By using ITC and NMR, we show here that both the bulge and loop of TAR RNA are necessary for the high affinity binding to dsRBD1-dsRBD2 of PKR with 1:1 stoichiometry. The binding site for the dsRBD1-dsRBD2 spans from upper bulge to lower stem of the TAR RNA, based on chemical shift mapping. The backbone resonances in the 40 kDa TAR.dsRBD1-dsRBD2 were assigned. NMR chemical shift perturbation data suggest that the beta1-beta2 loop of the dsRBD1 interacts with the TAR RNA, whereas that of the dsRBD2 is less involved in the TAR RNA recognition. In addition, the residues of the interdomain linker between the dsRBD1 and the dsRBD2 also show large chemical perturbations indicating that the linker is involved in the recognition of TAR RNA. The results presented here provide the biophysical and spectroscopic basis for high-resolution structural studies, and show how local RNA structural features modulate recognition by dsRBDs.
J Mol Biol 2006 Apr 28
PMID:Specific recognition of HIV TAR RNA by the dsRNA binding domains (dsRBD1-dsRBD2) of PKR. 1651 25

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes chronic lung disease in immunocompetent people and disseminated infection in patients with AIDS. MAC is intrinsically resistant to many conventional antimycobacterial agents, it develops drug resistance rapidly to macrolide antibiotics, and patients with MAC infection experience frequent relapses or the inability to completely eradicate the infection with current treatment. Treatment regimens are prolonged and complicated by drug toxicity or intolerances. We sought to identify biochemical pathways in MAC that can serve as targets for novel antimycobacterial treatment. The cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP51, catalyzes an essential early step in sterol metabolism, removing a methyl group from lanosterol in animals and fungi, or from obtusifoliol in plants. Azoles inhibit CYP51 function, leading to an accumulation of methylated sterol precursors. This perturbation of normal sterol metabolism compromises cell membrane integrity, resulting in growth inhibition or cell death. We have cloned and characterized a CYP51 from MAC that functions as a lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase. We show the direct interactions of azoles with purified MAC-CYP51 by absorbance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of econazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole against MAC. Furthermore, we demonstrate that econazole has a MIC of 4 mug/ml and a minimum bacteriocidal concentration of 4 mug/ml, whereas ketoconazole has a MIC of 8 mug/ml and a minimum bacteriocidal concentration of 16 mug/ml. Itraconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole did not inhibit MAC growth to any significant extent.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006 Aug
PMID:Cloning and characterization of CYP51 from Mycobacterium avium. 1654 5

Pharmacokinetics of itraconazole was measured after 1-min intravenous infusion at a dose of 10 mg/kg to male New Zealand white rabbits. The terminal half-life of itraconazole was 524 min. Itraconazole was eliminated slowly in rabbits with total body clearance of 3.26 ml/min/kg. Blood partition of itraconazole between plasma and blood cells of rabbit blood was measured. Itraconazole reached equilibrium rapidly between plasma and blood cells of rabbit blood. The equilibrium plasma/blood cells concentration ratios were independent of initial rabbit blood concentrations of itraconazole, 1, 5, and 10 microg/ml; the mean value was 3.25. Tissue distribution of itraconazole was also measured after 1-min intravenous administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg to rats. The tissue-to-plasma (T/P) ratios of itraconazole were greater-than-unity in all rat tissues studied at both 1 and 24 h except in fat and stomach at 1 h. This indicated that rat tissues studied had a high affinity to itraconazole.
Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2004
PMID:Pharmacokinetics, blood partition, and tissue distribution of itraconazole. 1756 18

Ultrasensitive microcalorimetric techniques for measuring the heat capacities of proteins in dilute solutions over a broad temperature range (DSC) and the heats of protein reactions at fixed temperatures (ITC) are described and the methods of working with these instruments are considered. Particular attention is paid to analyzing the thermal properties of individual proteins, their stability, the energetics of their folding, and their association with specific macromolecular partners. Use of these calorimetric methods is illustrated with examples of small compact globular proteins, small proteins having loose noncompact structure, multidomain proteins, and protein complexes, particularly with DNA.
Methods Mol Biol 2009
PMID:Microcalorimetry of proteins and their complexes. 1915 77

Dry powders from aqueous dispersions, formed by antisolvent precipitation, dissolved to form solutions with supersaturation values up to 12 in 10 min at pH 6.8 with sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Itraconazole/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) aqueous particle dispersions were salt flocculated and filtered to produce medium surface area (2-5 m2/g) particles or lyophilized to produce high surface area (13-36 m2/g). Over 4 h, the decay in supersaturation was much slower for the medium surface area versus high surface area particles, since the smaller excess surface area of undissolved particles led to slower nucleation and growth from solution. A slow decay in supersaturation was also achieved by initially dissolving part of the drug at pH 1.2, and then shifting the pH to 6.8 thereby reducing the excess surface area of undissolved particles in the pH 6.8 media. This pH shift mimics the transition from stomach to intestines. The ability to generate and sustain high supersaturation at pH 6.8 by minimizing undissolved excess surface area may be expected to be beneficial for raising bioavailability by gastrointestinal delivery.
Mol Pharm
PMID:Highly supersaturated solutions from dissolution of amorphous itraconazole microparticles at pH 6.8. 1923 40


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