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The effects of stocking hatchery trout into wild populations were studied in a Danish river, using microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Baseline samples were taken from hatchery trout and wild trout assumed to be unaffected by previous stocking. Also, samples were taken from resident and sea trout from a stocked section of the river. Genetic differentiation between the hatchery strain and the local wild population was modest (microsatellite FST = 0.06). Using assignment tests, more than 90% of individuals from the baseline samples were classified correctly. Assignment tests involving samples from the stocked river section suggested that the contribution by hatchery trout was low among sea trout (< 7%), but high (46%) among resident trout. Hybrid index analysis and a high percentage of mtDNA haplotypes specific to indigenous trout observed among resident trout that were assigned to the hatchery strain suggested that interbreeding took place between hatchery and wild trout. The latter result also indicated that male hatchery trout contributed more to interbreeding than females. We suggest that stronger selection acts against stocked hatchery trout that become anadromous compared to hatchery trout that become resident. As most resident trout are males this could also explain why gene flow from hatchery to wild trout appeared to be male biased. The results show that even despite modest differentiation at neutral loci domesticated trout may still perform worse than local populations and it is important to be aware of differential survival and reproductive success both between life-history types and between sexes.
Mol Ecol 2000 May
PMID:Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism reveals life-history dependent interbreeding between hatchery and wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). 1079 1

The routes through which Norway spruce recolonized the Alps after the last ice age were investigated at the genetic level. Seven populations along the Alpine range plus one Apennine population were characterized for seven sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) loci, detecting an overall FST = 0.118. This rather high value for forest species reflects an uneven distribution of genetic variability, and was analysed through different statistical methods. Alternative hypotheses were tested under the isolation-by-distance model and using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) frame. We conclude that the hypothesis of the existence of a glacial refugium in the Apennines should be rejected, while a putative relict population is identified in the Maritime Alps. The Alpine range of Norway spruce appears to be split in two parts across a north-south line. The results are discussed in comparison with data based on morphological markers, isozymes, chloroplast microsatellites and mitochondrial markers.
Mol Ecol 2000 Jun
PMID:Postglacial recolonization routes for Picea abies K. in Italy as suggested by the analysis of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. 1084 86

The golden-striped salamander (Chioglossa lusitanica) is an ecologically specialized species, endemic to north-western Iberia. Patterns of genetic variation were assessed at seven polymorphic enzyme loci and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker (cytochrome b) in 17 populations across its range. Estimates of enzyme genetic diversity revealed a high degree of genetic subdivision (FST = 0.68), mainly attributable to the existence of two groups of populations. The groups were located, respectively, north and south of the Mondego River, indicating that this river coincided with a major historical barrier to gene flow. A significant decrease in genetic variability from the Mondego northwards was associated with the Douro and Minho rivers. mtDNA sequence variation revealed a congruent pattern of two haplotype groups (d = 2.2%), with a geographical distribution resembling that of allozymes. The pattern and depth of genetic variation is consistent with the following hypotheses: (i) subdivision of an ancestral range of the species prior to the middle Pleistocene; (ii) secondary contact between populations representing historical refugia; (iii) relatively recent range expansion giving rise to the northern part of the species range; and (iv) loss of genetic variation through founder effects during range expansion across major rivers.
Mol Ecol 2000 Jun
PMID:Genetic subdivision, glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization in the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica (Amphibia: urodela). 1084 93

We present a microgeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in Bechstein's bats using three sources of control region sequence variability, including a novel mtDNA microsatellite, to assess individual relatedness both within and among 10 maternity colonies. Comparison of marker variability among 268 adult females revealed little genetic variability within each colony. However, most colonies were clearly distinguished by colony-specific mitochondrial haplotypes (total n = 28). Low intracolony variability and strong haplotype segregation among colonies, was reflected by an extraordinary high FST of 0.68, indicating a very low intercolony dispersal rate of approximately one female in five generations. Haplotype distribution among 18 solitary males showed that males frequently disperse between colony locations, indicating the absence of dispersal barriers. Bechstein's bat maternity colonies are thus closed groups that comprise 20-40 females probably belonging to only one or, at most, two matrilines. The genetic population structure of Bechstein's bats is in agreement with the hypothesis that females seek familiar and, at least, partially related cooperation partners for raising their young. Alternatively strong philopatry might reflect the importance of profound roost or habitat knowledge for successful reproduction in female Bechstein's bats.
Mol Ecol 2000 Jun
PMID:Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reveals that female Bechstein's bats live in closed societies. 1084 95

Strong evidence for a link between the follistatin gene and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has recently been found in a well-designed large-scale study. Follistatin binds to activin and affects its functions, e.g. stimulation of FSH synthesis and secretion. Thus, it may play a role in the functional impairment of the FSH-granulosa cell axis in PCOS. In this study, we screened 64 Chinese patients with PCOS for mutations in the entire coding region (including the region encoding alternative carboxy-terminals) of the follistatin gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. However, we could not identify a single mutation of either the activating or inhibiting type, using these techniques. Therefore, it would appear that PCOS in the local Chinese population is not caused by mutations in the coding regions of the follistatin gene.
Mol Hum Reprod 2000 Jul
PMID:Preliminary investigation of follistatin gene mutations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. 1087 44

Genetic variability of six rhododendrons with contrasting local distribution patterns in Hong Kong was assessed by starch gel electrophoresis. Rhododendron championiae, R. hongkongense and R. simiarum are locally rare with disjunct distributions, R. moulmainense is restricted and R. farrerae and R. simsii are common. For each species, 13-18 allozyme loci representing 12-16 enzyme systems were scored. The six species showed similar levels of genetic variations (HT ranged from 0.209 to 0.386 and AT ranged from 2.4 to 4.1) which are high compared to plants with similar life history traits. Genetic structure, in contrast, varied greatly between species, with FST ranging from 0.056 to 0.393. The three rarest species had high genetic differentiation (FST and FPT) and distinct geographical patterns, while the other three had low differentiation and little or no geographical structure. These differences are attributed to both present distributions and historical changes following deforestation within the last 1000 years. The conservation implications of these results are discussed.
Mol Ecol 2000 Jul
PMID:Genetic variation and structure in six Rhododendron species (Ericaceae) with contrasting local distribution patterns in Hong Kong, China. 1088 58

We describe the geographical population structure of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Eastern Africa. Allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci was scored in samples from nine localities along a 4500 km transect from Sudan to Mozambique. Highly significant differences in genotype frequencies were found between all populations separated by more than 200 km. Populations within Malawi separated by 191 km were indistinguishable, as were those within Sudan separated by 134 km. FST and rhoST gave significant estimates of isolation by distance. These data, lead us to conclude that there are extensive barriers to gene flow in this region. The high estimates of Nm (9.4 from FST and 5.2 from rhoST) indicate recent range expansion in this species rather than extensive contemporary gene flow.
Insect Mol Biol 2000 Aug
PMID:Evidence for extensive genetic differentiation among populations of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Eastern Africa. 1097 13

This paper presents a perspective of how inferred relatedness, based on genetic marker data such as microsatellites or amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), can be used to demonstrate quantitative genetic variation in natural populations. Variation at two levels is considered: among pairs of individuals within populations, and among pairs of subpopulations within a population. In the former, inferred pairwise relatedness, combined with trait measures, allow estimates of heritability 'in the wild'. In the latter, estimates of QST are obtained, in the absence of known heritabilities, via estimates of pairwise FST. Estimators of relatedness based on the 'Kronecker operator' are given. Both methods require actual variation of relationship, a rarely studied aspect of population structure, and not necessarily present. Some conditions for appropriate population structures in the wild are identified, in part through a review of recent studies.
Mol Ecol 2000 Sep
PMID:Marker-inferred relatedness as a tool for detecting heritability in nature. 1097 59

The cooperatively breeding bell miner, Manorina melanophrys, differs from most other cooperative breeding species in the complexity of its social system, where discrete social organization occurs on at least three levels. Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the degree of genetic structure underlying the social organization of M. melanophrys by comparing colonies, coteries and nest contingents. The genetic data confirmed behavioural observations of M. melanophrys living in male kin-based groups between which females disperse short distances to breed. Estimates of FST revealed restricted gene flow between eight colonies located within 30 km that was significantly associated with geographical distance when the two most distant colonies were included. Within a high density colony significant differences were found between coteries; analysis of the degree of relatedness between coterie members showed that this is due to related individuals associating preferentially with each other. Similarly, the contingent of individuals attending a nest were generally close relatives of the young they were aiding, supporting models invoking kin selection as the selective agency mediating helping.
Mol Ecol 2000 Sep
PMID:Complex social organization reflects genetic structure and relatedness in the cooperatively breeding bell miner, Manorina melanophrys. 1097 73

Selection on allozymes has sometimes been advanced as one explanation for the low levels of population differentiation detected in avian populations by the use of enzymatic markers. Comparisons of the amount of population subdivision (estimated by FST values or analogous indices) measured by enzymatic and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers in birds were seen as evidence for this because mtDNA typically produces a more structured picture of population subdivisions. In fact, when taking into account the smaller effective population size of mtDNA, nuclear and mitochondrial markers give concordant results. Some discrepancies still exist, but I suggest that some might originate from different amounts of nuclear vs. mitochondrial gene flow due to partial reproductive isolation. Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci do not provide a dramatically different picture of population structures in birds compared to allozymes. Although more tests are needed, such as comparing the amount of genetic structure detected in the same populations with allozymes and microsatellites, the low levels of population subdivision measured with allozymes in birds seem to reflect historical and demographic processes and would not appear to result from any peculiarities of bird enzymatic loci.
Mol Ecol 2000 Oct
PMID:Genetic structure of avian populations--allozymes revisited. 1105 May 42


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