Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
 630,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of three concentrations (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mg/mL) of a cinnamon extract (CE) (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) on glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were examined in the presence and absence of 0.5 nM and 50 nM insulin. In the absence of insulin, adipocytes exposed to 0.2 mg/mL CE showed an approximate two-fold increase in glucose uptake relative to controls although glucose uptake was unaffected by the two higher concentrations of CE. No effect of CE on glucose uptake was noted in the presence of 0.5 nM insulin whereas the two highest concentrations (0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL) of CE showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in glucose uptake in the presence of 50 nM insulin. Treatment of the adipocytes with 50 nM wortmannin, an irreversible inhibitor of the p110 isoform of phosphoinositide 3'-kinase, was associated with complete inhibition of the stimulated glucose uptake induced by 0.2 mg/mL CE. Treatment of the adipocytes with 0.2 mg/mL CE was associated with an inhibition of adiponectin secretion to levels that were nondetectable. The present study indicates that although 0.2 mg/mL CE has insulin-mimetic action in 3T3-adipocytes in terms of glucose uptake, secretion of the antidiabetic hormone adiponectin is adversely affected.
Mol Nutr Food Res 2006 Aug
PMID:Cinnamon water extracts increase glucose uptake but inhibit adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipose cells. 1683 67

The steroid hormone progesterone exerts pleiotrophic functions in many cell types. Although progesterone controls transcriptional activation through binding to its nuclear receptors, it also initiates rapid nongenomic signaling events. Recently, three putative membrane progestin receptors (mPRalpha, beta, and gamma) with structural similarity to G protein-coupled receptors have been identified. These mPR isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and belong to the larger, highly conserved family of progestin and adiponectin receptors found in plants, eubacteria, and eukaryotes. The fish mPRalpha has been reported to mediate progesterone-dependent MAPK activation and inhibition of cAMP production through coupling to an inhibitory G protein. To functionally characterize the human homologs, we established human embryonic kidney 293 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines that stably express human mPRalpha, beta, or gamma. For comparison, we also established cell lines expressing the mPRalpha cloned from the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). Surprisingly, we found no evidence that human or fish mPRs regulate cAMP production or MAPK (ERK1/2 or p38) activation upon progesterone stimulation. Furthermore, the mPRs did not couple to a highly promiscuous G protein subunit, Galpha(q5i), in transfection studies or provoke Ca(2+) mobilization in response to progesterone. Finally, we demonstrate that transfected mPRs, as well as endogenous human mPRalpha, localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, and that their expression does not lead to increased progestin binding either in membrane preparations or in intact cells. Our results therefore do not support the concept that mPRs are plasma membrane receptors involved in transducing nongenomic progesterone actions.
Mol Endocrinol 2006 Dec
PMID:Human homologs of the putative G protein-coupled membrane progestin receptors (mPRalpha, beta, and gamma) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and are not activated by progesterone. 1695 73

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by the presence of at least three of the following alterations: enlargement of the waist diameter, higher levels of arterial pressure, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycemia, and reduction of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The prevalence of MS reaches 23% in young adults, a percentage that increases with age. People with MS have a greater risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD). The physiopathologic alterations now found to exist in MS are diverse; among them is endothelial dysfunction, which triggers atherogenic lesions and hypercoagulability characterized by alterations of the coagulation factors and the regulatory proteins of fibrinolysis such as the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1). The increase in oxidative stress and/or the reactive oxygen species in patients with MS is partially related to the oxidation state of the lipoproteins, especially of the low density lipoproteins. This fact favors atherogenesis. Moreover, the oxidative stress produces alterations in the production of adipokines, cytokines secreted by the adipose tissues. The abnormality in the transport of lipoprotein diminishes the catabolism of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and increases the catabolism of the high density lipoprotein (HDL), which creates insulin resistance. This process is associated with a lower concentration of adiponectin that in turn regulates the catabolism of VLDL and HDL; consequently increasing the flow of fatty acids from the adipose tissue to the liver and muscles. The proinflammatory cytokines, among them tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), are of great importance in MS regulating different processes and molecules such as PAI-1. PAI-1 is controlled by the group of transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), especially by PPAR gamma and alpha ligands. In summary, MS includes multiple alterations related to insulin resistance at several levels: hepatic, muscular, adipose and vascular tissue (endothelium). The exact mechanism that underlies the relationship between MS and CVD are not sufficiently known yet; pathogenic explanations are lacking for the mechanisms relating metabolic factors to insulin resistance and the association with the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. MS alterations and the main aspects related to homeostasis alterations are examined in this report.
Int J Mol Med 2006 Nov
PMID:Hemostasis alterations in metabolic syndrome (review). 1701 29

Studies of adipogenic protein induction have led to a new appreciation of the role of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Adipocyte-derived "adipokines" such as adiponectin, leptin, and visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) exert hormone-like activities at the systemic level. In this study, we examined the secretome of primary cultures of human subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells as an in vitro model of adipogenesis. Conditioned media obtained from four individual female donors after culture in uninduced or adipogenic induced conditions were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Over 80 individual protein features showing > or =2-fold relative differences were examined. Approximately 50% of the identified proteins have been described previously in the secretome of murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes or in the interstitial fluid derived from human mammary gland adipose tissue. As reported by others, we found that the secretome included proteins such as actin and lactate dehydrogenase that do not display a leader sequence or transmembrane domain and are classified as "cytoplasmic" in origin. Moreover we detected a number of established adipokines such as adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Of particular interest was the presence of multiple serine protease inhibitors (serpins). In addition to plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, these included pigment epithelium-derived factor (confirmed by Western immunoblot), placental thrombin inhibitor, pregnancy zone protein, and protease C1 inhibitor. These findings, together with the recent identification of vaspin, suggest that the serpin protein family warrants further proteomics investigation with respect to the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Mol Cell Proteomics 2007 Jan
PMID:Secretome of primary cultures of human adipose-derived stem cells: modulation of serpins by adipogenesis. 1701 19

Type 2 diabetes is associated with decreased levels of the glycosphingolipid sulfatide, as well as a state of low-grade inflammation. Sulfatide is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties in other cell-types. In the present study, the effects of sulfatide on adipokine (adiponectin, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8) production in human adipose tissue (AT) was investigated in vitro. Isolated human adipocytes and AT cultures were incubated with sulfatide isolated from pig brain [sulfatide containing a variety of fatty acids or isoforms of sulfatide with defined, saturated fatty acids with 16 (C16:0) or 24 (C24:0) carbon atoms]. Adiponectin production was increased 50-80%, by all sulfatide preparations. Only the C16:0 isoform decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production 20-30%. The C16:0 sulfatide has been shown to activate potassium channels in beta-cells, and glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K+-(KATP) channel blocker, reversed the C16:0-induced decrement in stimulated TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 release in adipocytes. Glibenclamide on its own was without effect on the production of adiponectin, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8. In conclusion, this study shows that, sulfatide exerts anti-inflammatory effects in human adipocytes and AT in vitro. Accordingly, the reported low serum levels of sulfatide in patients with type 2 diabetes might be of importance in relation to the chronic low-grade inflammatory state found in this disease.
Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007 Jan 15
PMID:Sulfatide increases adiponectin and decreases TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in human adipose tissue in vitro. 1709 22

The clinical phenotype of human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) encompasses a broad spectrum of etiologically distinct disorders. As targeting of etiology-related pathogenic pathways may be more efficient than current standard heart failure treatment, we obtained the genomic expression profile of a DCM subtype characterized by cardiac inflammation to identify possible new therapeutic targets in humans. In this inflammatory cardiomyopathy (DCMi), a distinctive cardiac expression pattern not described in any previous study of cardiac disorders was observed. Two significantly altered gene networks of particular interest and possible interdependence centered around the cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61) and adiponectin (APN) gene. CYR61 overexpression, as in human DCMi hearts in situ, was similarly induced by inflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. APN was strongly downregulated in DCMi hearts and completely abolished cytokine-dependent CYR61 induction in vitro. Dysbalance between the CYR61 and APN networks may play a pathogenic role in DCMi and contain novel therapeutic targets. Multiple immune cell-associated genes were also deregulated (e.g., chemokine ligand 14, interleukin-17D, nuclear factors of activated T cells). In contrast to previous investigations in patients with advanced or end-stage DCM where etiology-related pathomechanisms are overwhelmed by unspecific processes, the deregulations detected in this study occurred at a far less severe and most probably fully reversible disease stage.
J Mol Med (Berl) 2007 Mar
PMID:Genomic expression profiling of human inflammatory cardiomyopathy (DCMi) suggests novel therapeutic targets. 1710 32

Adiponectin, a protein exclusively secreted by adipose tissue but present at low levels in obesity, is now widely recognised as a key determinant of insulin sensitivity and of protection against obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. In this review we explain how genetic findings have contributed to a better understanding of the physiological role of adiponectin in humans. The adiponectin-encoding gene, ADIPOQ (ACDC), is very polymorphic: many frequent exonic synonymous, intronic and promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified, as well as a few rare exonic amino acid substitutions. Several of these variations additively contribute to the modulation of adiponectin level and function, and associate with insulin sensitivity, type 2 diabetes and vascular complications of obesity.
Expert Rev Mol Med 2006 Nov 20
PMID:Adiponectin, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: lessons from human genetic studies. 1711 91

During hepatic fibrogenesis, quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) undergo phenotypic transformation into activated matrix-producing cells. This process is recapitulated in primary HSCs cultured on plastic. Based on studies in rats, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) has been suggested to play a key role in the control of HSC activation. Indeed, in rats, PPARgamma expression is depleted in activated HSCs. PPARgamma ligands inhibit HSC activation and prevent hepatic fibrosis in vivo. Here we evaluated the impact of PPARgamma agonists on hepatic fibrogenesis in mice both in vitro and in vivo. Primary HSCs from Balb/C mice were cultured with PPARgamma ligands Pioglitazone (PGZ) or 15-deoxy-Delta12,14 prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). PPARgamma mRNA expression was stable during culture-activation of HSCs. However, PPARgamma protein was only found in quiescent HSCs but not in fully activated cells. Exposure of HSCs to PPARgamma agonists maintained the expression of PPARgamma, and transactivated this transcription factor as demonstrated by gelshift assay and by induction of CD36, a PPARgamma-regulated gene. However, PPARgamma ligands did not alter the induction of Collagen-I mRNA or alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in cultured HSCs. To test the effect of PPARgamma agonist PGZ in vivo, hepatic fibrosis was evaluated in Balb/C or C57BL6/J mice treated with CCl4 (three times a week for 4 weeks; or corn oil for controls), and fed a normal or a PGZ-supplemented diet (0.01% wt/wt). PGZ treatment was associated with increased serum adiponectin concentrations but did not decrease the severity of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Our data demonstrate that, although having anti-fibrotic properties in rats, PPARgamma agonists do not prevent activation of HSCs in vitro, nor hepatic fibrogenesis in vivo in mice.
Int J Mol Med 2007 Jan
PMID:Peroxisome proliferated-activated receptor gamma ligand, Pioglitazone, does not prevent hepatic fibrosis in mice. 1714 54

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation has been reported to induce insulin resistance in animals and humans, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the direct effects of CLA on leptin and adiponectin secretion, two hormones with actions known to influence insulin sensitivity. Isolated rat adipocytes were incubated with CLA (1-200microM) in the absence and presence of insulin (1.6nM). CLA inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated leptin gene expression and secretion (-30 to -40%, P<0.05-0.01). CLA also inhibited basal adiponectin production (-20 to -40%, P<0.05-0.01), but not in the presence of insulin. CLA (50-200muM) decreased basal glucose uptake (P<0.05-0.01) and significantly increased the proportion of glucose metabolized to lactate (P<0.01). Insulin treatment partially prevented the inhibitory effects of CLA on glucose uptake and induced a significant increase (P<0.05-0.01) in the percentage of glucose metabolized to lactate. A strong inverse relationship was observed between the increase in the anaerobic utilization of glucose and the decreases of both leptin and adiponectin secretion. In addition, lipolysis and the expression of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARgamma were decreased by CLA. These results indicate that CLA inhibits leptin and adiponectin secretion and suggest that increased anaerobic metabolism of glucose may be involved in these effects. The inhibition of PPARgamma could also mediate the inhibition of adiponectin induced by CLA. Furthermore, the inhibition of leptin and adiponectin production induced by CLA may contribute to insulin resistance observed in CLA-treated animals and humans.
Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007 Mar 30
PMID:Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits glucose metabolism, leptin and adiponectin secretion in primary cultured rat adipocytes. 1732 Oct 40

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder in which endogenous sex hormones may contribute to sex-dependent etiologies. We hypothesized that genetic variants related to type 2 diabetes mellitus might differ between men and women. We thus performed a large-scale association study to identify gene polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women separately. The study population comprised 4854 unrelated Japanese individuals (2688 men, 2166 women), including 1490 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (969 men, 521 women). The genotypes for 16 gene polymorphisms were determined with a method that combines the polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes with suspension array technology. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, body mass index, and smoking status revealed that the T-->G (3' UTR) polymorphism of the thrombospondin 2 gene (THBS2), the -603A-->G polymorphism of the coagulation factor III gene (F3), and the G-->T (intron 2) polymorphism of the adipocyte, C1Q, and collagen domain containing (adiponectin) gene (ADIPOQ) were significantly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men, and that the A-->G (Arg160Gly) polymorphism of the paraoxonase 1 gene (PON1) was significantly associated with this condition in women. A stepwise forward selection procedure demonstrated that genotypes of THBS2, F3, and ADIPOQ were significant determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men, and that genotype of PON1 significantly affected this condition in women. Genotyping of these polymorphisms may prove informative for assessment of the genetic component of type 2 diabetes mellitus for men and women separately.
Int J Mol Med 2007 Apr
PMID:Gender differences in the association of gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1733 38


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