Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) is a major protease inhibitor present in high concentrations in the plasma. Inheritance of alpha 1AT deficiency or null alleles (alleles associated with no detectable serum alpha 1AT) is associated with an increased risk for emphysema. In contrast to beta zero-thalassemia variants in which RNA splicing and promoter mutations constitute more than 40% of beta zero-thalassemia variants, all nine alpha 1AT null variants identified are the result of mutations involving the protein coding region of the alpha 1AT gene. During routine screening of individuals applying for enrollment in the USA alpha 1AT Deficiency Registry we identified an individual with emphysema and a Protease Inhibitor (PI*) type heterozygous for a novel alpha 1AT null allele. Direct DNA sequencing of this individual's alpha 1AT alleles demonstrated one normal and one novel allele, designated PI*QOwest, characterized by a single G-->T base substitution at position 1 of intron II, a highly conserved nucleotide position in vertebrate splice donor sites. Metabolic labeling of NIH-3T3 cells transfected with a plasmid vector containing an alpha 1AT minigene with the QOwest mutation demonstrated an absence of detectable immunoprecipitable alpha 1AT confirming that the G-->T mutation is responsible for the observed null phenotype. QOwest alpha 1AT minigene transfected cells expressed 25-100 fold less alpha 1AT mRNA than a normal control. DNA sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified mRNA obtained from transfected cells demonstrated the use of a cryptic splice site 84 bases upstream from the normal splice site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hum Mol Genet 1993 Jul
PMID:Characterization of a human alpha 1-antitrypsin null allele involving aberrant mRNA splicing. 836 36

Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many pulmonary diseases including adult respiratory distress syndrome, emphysema, asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The morbidity and mortality of these diseases remain high even with optimal medical management. In our attempts to devise new therapies for these disorders, it is crucial to improve our understanding of the basic mechanism(s) of oxidant-induced lung injury. A major line of investigation seeks to characterize the cellular and molecular responses of the lung to oxidant insults. Much progress has been made in our understanding of the role of the "classic" antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) in mediating the lung's resistance against oxidant lung injury. However, it is becoming clear that other oxidant-induced gene products may also play vital roles in the lung's adaptive and/or protective response to oxidative stress. One such stress-response protein is heme oxygenase-1, HO-1. Since the identification of HO-1 in 1968, many of the studies involving this enzyme were understandably focused on the regulation and function of HO-1 in heme metabolism. This emphasis is self-evident as HO-1 catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in heme degradation. Interestingly, however, evidence accumulated over the past 25 years demonstrates that HO-1 is induced not only by the substrate heme but also by a variety of non-heme inducers such as heavy metals, endotoxin, heat shock, inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandins. The chemical diversity of HO-1 inducers led to the speculation that HO-1, besides its role in heme degradation, may also play a vital function in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Further support for this hypothesis was provided by Tyrrell and colleagues who showed in 1989 that HO-1 is also highly induced by a variety of agents causing oxidative stress. Subsequently, many investigators have focused their attention on the function and regulation of HO-1 in various in vitro and in vivo models of oxidant-mediated cellular and tissue injury. The magnitude of HO-1 induction after oxidative stress and the wide distribution of this enzyme in systemic tissues coupled with the intriguing biological activities of the catalytic byproducts, carbon monoxide, iron, and bilirubin, makes HO-1 a highly attractive and interesting candidate stress-response protein which may play key role(s) in mediating protection against oxidant-mediated lung injury. This review will focus on the current understanding of the physiological significance of HO-1 induction and the molecular regulation of HO-1 gene expression in response to oxidative stress. We hope that this discussion will stimulate interest and investigations into a field which is still largely uncharted in the pulmonary research community.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996 Jul
PMID:Heme oxygenase-1: function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury. 867 27

The possible involvement of proteoglycans in the pathogenesis of emphysema was studied in rats by a single intratracheal instillation of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (beta-D-xyloside), an inhibitor of proteoglycan synthesis. The first 3 days after instillation are characterized by mild hemorrhages, some infiltration of inflammatory cells, and edema. After 1 wk, lung morphology is normal again. Forty days after instillation, considerable parenchymal destruction has occurred as determined by the mean linear intercept (81 +/- 12 microns versus 57 +/- 5 microns for control [P < 0.001]). Pulmonary fibrosis is not observed. Instillation with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-xylopyranoside and p-nitrophenol do not induce parenchymal destruction, indicating the specificity of beta-D-xyloside action. Urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the beta-D-xyloside-treated rats is increased 15-fold during the first day after instillation, mainly due to elevated levels of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. The increase is correlated to the extent of parenchymal destruction after 40 days (r = 0.68; P < 0.002). At day 2 and thereafter, levels are normal again. A short-term increase in dermatan and chondroitin sulfate content is also observed in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. Heparan sulfate content is decreased in BAL fluid and lung tissue. Instillation with p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-xylopyranoside and p-nitrophenol do not induce elevated GAG concentration in urine. We suggest that a disturbance in proteoglycan synthesis accompanied by an increase of (beta-D-xyloside-primed) free GAGs results in loss of stability and integrity of the alveolar wall, leading to parenchymal destruction and emphysematous lesions. beta-D-xyloside treatment may be an alternative experimental method for inducing emphysema.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997 Jan
PMID:Induction of emphysematous lesions in rat lung by beta-D-xyloside, an inhibitor of proteoglycan synthesis. 899 82

Null alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) alleles represent the end of a continuum of variants associated with profound alpha1AT deficiency and an increased risk of emphysema. This study characterizes the molecular basis of QOclayton, a new example of an alpha1AT null allele arising from a mutational hot spot in the alpha1AT gene. The QOclayton allele is identical to the normal M1(V213) alpha1AT allele except for an insertion of a cytosine. This insertion occurs in the alpha1AT sequence which normally has seven cytosines corresponding to amino acid residues 360 to 362. The QOclayton mutation is located in the same reiterated DNA sequence as the alpha1AT QObolton deletion mutation and the insertion mutation allele QOsaarbruecken. The QOclayton cytosine insertion causes a 3' frameshift and results in the formation of a termination codon at residue 376, the same consequence as the alpha1AT QOmattawa mutation (L353 T-insertion with a 3' frameshift). To determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the absence of alpha1AT associated with the QOclayton gene, an in vitro model of QOclayton was established using Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) transfected with the QOclayton gene. These cells were evaluated for alpha1AT mRNA expression, protein synthesis and secretion. Although the QOclayton gene expresses a similar amount of alpha1AT mRNA as compared with the normal alpha1AT gene, no QOclayton protein is secreted. Protein trafficking and double-label immunofluorescence demonstrate that the QOclayton protein is retained in the rough endoplasmic reticulum or pre-Golgi compartment and is degraded (t1/2 = 6.5 h). Since QOmattawa, QObolton, and QOsaarbruecken have similar termination sites in the alpha1AT mRNA, they may share a similar intracellular fate.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997 Mar
PMID:alpha1-antitrypsin gene mutation hot spot associated with the formation of a retained and degraded null variant [corrected; erratum to be published]. 907 Jun 6

Disruption of elastic fibers is a major factor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Elastic fibers in culture, injured by exposure to elastase, undergo repair in the presence of elastogenic cells that restores the fibers toward normal as determined by biochemical and ultrastructural methods. The repair appears to be the result of both salvage and de novo repair mechanisms. The evidence for salvage repair is that hot-alkali resistance, lost as a result of elastase treatment, is restored to previously radiolabeled elastic fibers. This repair mechanism has been shown in aortic smooth muscle cell cultures. In order to determine the potential relevance of this mechanism for elastic fiber repair in the lungs, experiments were carried out using neonatal rat lung lipid interstitial fibroblasts (LIF). Treatment of the LIF cultures with elastase, in the absence of serum, caused solubilization of 12% of elastin; however, 81% of the elastin protein and 80% of the elastin-associated radioactivity (EAR) were solubilized by subsequent hot-alkali treatment, indicating that most of the elastin was retained in the matrix but was damaged. Ultrastructurally, the elastic fibers were frayed. After 6 additional wk in culture, hot-alkali resistant elastin protein and EAR were restored to 88 and 62% of control values, respectively, and the ultrastructural appearance of elastic fibers was restored to normal. We calculate that about 42% of the restored elastin represented salvage repair; the remainder was new elastin. No repair occurred in matrices rendered acellular by azide treatment; however, when acellular matrices were replated with LIF, repair was complete at 6 wk. No repair was seen when acellular matrices were replated with a transformed mouse macrophage cell line. We conclude that lung LIF are capable of mounting a robust repair process after elastolytic injury of elastin and that the repair is the result of both salvage and de novo repair mechanisms.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997 Sep
PMID:Repair of elastase-digested elastic fibers in acellular matrices by replating with neonatal rat-lung lipid interstitial fibroblasts or other elastogenic cell types. 930 15

Almitrine is a drug used in the treatment of hypoxemic chronic lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema because it is a potent stimulant of the carotid bodies in human and different animal species that produces a long-lasting enhancement of alveolar ventilation, ameliorating arterial blood gases. However, the mechanism of action of almitrine remains unknown. We investigated the effect of almitrine on ionic currents of chemoreceptor cells isolated from the carotid body of rat and rabbits by using the whole-cell and inside-out configurations of the patch-clamp technique. Almitrine at concentrations up to 10 microM did not affect whole-cell voltage-dependent K+, Ca2+, or Na+ currents in rat or rabbit cells. However, this concentration of almitrine significantly inhibited the Ca2+-dependent component of K+ currents in rat chemoreceptor cells. This effect of almitrine on the Ca2+-dependent component of K+ currents was investigated further at the single-channel level in excised patches in the inside-out configuration. In this preparation, almitrine inhibited the activity of a high-conductance (152 +/- 13 pS), Ca2+-dependent K+ channel by decreasing its open probability. The IC50 value of the effect was 0. 22 microM. The inhibitory effect of almitrine on Ca2+-dependent K+ channels also was observed in GH3 cells. We conclude that almitrine inhibits selectively the Ca2+-dependent K+ channel and that in rat chemoreceptor cells, this inhibition could represent an important mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic actions of the drug.
Mol Pharmacol 1998 Feb
PMID:Effects of almitrine bismesylate on the ionic currents of chemoreceptor cells from the carotid body. 946 92

alpha 1-Antitrypsin is the archetypal member of the serine proteinase inhibitor or serpin superfamily. Members of the family show structural homology based on a dominant A beta-sheet and a mobile reactive centre loop. Our recent crystal structure of alpha 1-antitrypsin stabilized with a point mutation showed the loop to be in a canonical inhibitory conformation in the absence of significant insertion into the A beta-sheet. It could be argued that the stabilizing mutation may induce the reactive centre loop to adopt an artificial, and unrepresentative, conformation and the finding seems to be at variance with studies assessing rates of peptide insertion into the A beta-sheet and limited proteolysis of the reactive loop. Here we present a 2.9 A structure of recombinant wild-type alpha 1-antitrypsin with no stabilizing mutations. Again, the reactive loop is in a canonical conformation in the absence of significant insertion into the A beta-sheet. A stabilizing salt bridge between P5 glutamate and arginine residues 196, 223 and 281, already identified in the mutant, provides strong evidence that this conformation is not an artefact of crystallization but represents the conformation of the circulating inhibitor in vivo. Comparison with the structure of alpha 1-antitrypsin stabilized with the Phe51Leu mutation indicates that the increased thermal stability of the mutant results from enhanced packing of aromatic residues in the hydrophobic core of the molecule. The structure of wild-type alpha 1-antitrypsin reveals a hydrophobic pocket between s2A and helices D and E that is filled on reactive loop insertion and the formation of biologically relevant loop-sheet polymers. This pocket may provide a target for rational drug design to prevent the formation of polymers and the associated plasma deficiency, liver cirrhosis and emphysema.
J Mol Biol 1998 Jan 23
PMID:Wild-type alpha 1-antitrypsin is in the canonical inhibitory conformation. 946 20

Patients with alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1-AT) deficiency are at risk of developing early-onset panlobular basal emphysema, which has been attributed to uncontrolled proteolytic activity within the lung. Severe genetic deficiency of alpha1-AT is most commonly due to the Z mutation (342Glu--> Lys), which results in a block in alpha1-AT processing within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. The retained alpha1-AT forms inclusions, which are associated with neonatal hepatitis, juvenile cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Our recent studies have shown that the accumulation of alpha1-AT is due to the Z mutation perturbing the structure of alpha1-AT to allow polymer formation, with a unique linkage between the reactive center loop of one alpha1-AT molecule and the A beta-pleated sheet of a second. The detection of loop-sheet polymers and other conformations of alpha1-AT in the lungs of patients with emphysema has been technically difficult. We show here that transverse urea-gradient-gel (TUG) electrophoresis and Western blot analysis may be used to characterize conformations of alpha1-AT in dilute samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). This technique was used to demonstrate loop-sheet polymers in the lungs of patients with Z alpha1-AT-deficiency-related emphysema. Polymers were the predominant conformational form of alpha1-AT in BALF from the lungs of two of five Z homozygotes with emphysema, but were not detectable in any of 13 MM, MS, or MZ alpha1-AT controls. Because alpha1-AT loop-sheet polymers are inactive as proteinase inhibitors, this novel conformational transition will further reduce the levels of functional proteinase inhibitor in the lungs of the Z alpha1-AT homozygote, and so exacerbate tissue damage.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998 May
PMID:Lung polymers in Z alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency-related emphysema. 956 37

alpha 1-Antitrypsin (alpha 1AT) provides the major protection in the lung against neutrophil elastase-mediated proteolysis. Inheritance of alpha 1AT deficiency alleles is associated with an increased risk of emphysema and liver disease. alpha 1AT null alleles cause the total absence of serum alpha 1AT and represent the ultimate in a continuum of alleles associated with alpha 1AT deficiency. The molecular mechanisms responsible for absence of serum alpha 1AT include splicing abnormalities, deletion of alpha 1AT coding exons, and premature stop codons. We identified an Italian individual with asthma, emphysema, and a very low level of serum alpha 1AT. DNA sequencing demonstrated the Mprocida deficiency allele and a novel null allele, QOtrastevere (c654 G-->A, W194Z), a nonsense mutation near the intron 2 (IVS2) splice acceptor site. To determine the molecular basis of QOtrastevere and specifically to evaluate whether this nonsense mutation interfered with mRNA processing by altered splicing, we used a Chinese hamster ovary cell line permanently transfected with QOtrastevere or normal M alpha 1AT with and without IVS2. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the normal M construct, with or without IVS2, expressed alpha 1AT mRNA of a similar size. The nonsense mutation was associated with moderately reduced alpha 1AT mRNA regardless of the presence or absence of IVS2. Reduction in alpha 1AT mRNA regardless of the opportunity for splicing supports a translational-translocation model as the cause of reduced alpha 1AT mRNA rather than the nuclear scanning model. Pulse-chase studies followed by immunoprecipitation demonstrated an endoplasmic reticulum-retained 31 kDa QOtrastevere alpha 1AT, which was rapidly degraded. Although mRNA content was moderately reduced, retention and rapid intracellular degradation of the truncated form are the major mechanisms for the absence of secreted alpha 1AT.
Mol Genet Metab 1998 Apr
PMID:Alpha 1-antitrypsin nonsense mutation associated with a retained truncated protein and reduced mRNA. 963 95

Chronic inhalation of cadmium at the workplace or in cigarette smoke is associated with emphysema, a disease characterized by extensive disruption of lung connective tissue. We have previously shown that cadmium, at noncytotoxic doses, inhibits fibroblast procollagen production in vitro, with maximal inhibitory effects of 69 +/- 6% (P < 0.01) at 30 &microM cadmium chloride (CdCl2). In this paper we show that at similar doses, cadmium also inhibits proteoglycan synthesis, with values reduced by between 36 +/- 4% (P < 0.01) and 42 +/- 6% (P < 0.01) for proteoglycans secreted into the culture media and associated with the cell layer, respectively. The greatest inhibition was obtained for the major matrix-associated proteoglycans, versican, decorin, and the large heparan sulfate proteoglycans, with synthesis values reduced by between 60 and 70%. Biglycan and other heparan sulfate proteoglycans were also affected, with synthesis values reduced by between 25 and 45%. In contrast, total protein synthesis was unaffected. Furthermore, effects of cadmium at the protein level were mirrored by reduction in messenger RNA levels for alpha1(I) procollagen, versican, and decorin. These data support the hypothesis that cadmium may play an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema associated with chronic inhalation of cadmium fumes by inhibiting the production of connective tissue proteins.
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998 Sep
PMID:Cadmium inhibits proteoglycan and procollagen production by cultured human lung fibroblasts. 973 Aug 78


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