Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P06889 (Mol)
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Marfan syndrome is caused by mutations in fibrillin-1, a large gene spanning approximately 200 kb of genomic DNA on chromosome 15q21. So far, more than 600 different mutations have been identified, accounting for 60-90% of all Marfan syndrome cases, the vast majority being single nucleotide exchanges as well as small deletions and insertions. Only four major rearrangements have been described in the literature so far. We have screened 11 individuals fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of Marfan syndrome but negative for point mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene by SSCP and/or direct sequencing, for large rearrangements. We report here the largest known de novo and out of frame deletion in the fibrillin-1 gene in a patient fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of Marfan syndrome. We identified the deletion breakpoints at the genomic and transcript levels and studied the expression of the mutated allele at the transcript and protein level. We conclude that large rearrangements may account for a non-negligible proportion of all Marfan cases.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007 Feb
PMID:Multi-exon out of frame deletion of the FBN1 gene leading to a severe juvenile onset cardiovascular phenotype in Marfan syndrome. 1718 36

30 exons have been analyzed using SSCP in patients with MFS or related phenotypes. We report 2 missense mutations occur in calcium-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like (EGFcb) domains and 9 polymorphisms located both in coding and noncoding regions of FBN1 gene. Three intragenic microsatellite polymorphic markers MTS-1, MTS-2 and MTS-4 have been analyzed in patients with MFS and unrelated unaffected control individuals. We found significant differences in allele frequency distribution of MTS-2 and MTS-4 loci between MFS patients and unaffected individuals. Haplotype frequency distribution on normal and mutant chromosomes were significantly different. The most common haplotype was 2-11-8 which was predominant on normal chromosomes of affected individuals. Haplotype 2-2-8 was observed in 18% of cases on mutant chromosomes and in 4% of cases on normal chromosomes. These data demonstrate possibility and application of haplotype-segregation analysis with use of these intragenic markers for diagnostic purposes in affected families by Marfan's syndrome.
Mol Biol (Mosk)
PMID:[AFBN1 gene in patients with Marfan syndrome]. 1720 30

Human fibrillin-1 is an extra-cellular matrix glycoprotein with a modular organisation that includes 43 calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like (cbEGF) domains arranged as multiple tandem repeats interspersed with transforming growth factor beta binding protein-like (TB) domains. We have studied Marfan syndrome-causing mutations which affect calcium binding to cbEGF13, and demonstrate that in human fibroblast cells they cause unexpected endoplasmic reticulum retention, indicative of a folding defect. Biochemical and biophysical studies of in vitro refolded fragments from the TB3-cbEGF14 region indicate long-range and unidirectional effects of these substitutions on the adjacent N-terminal domain cbEGF12. In contrast, only short-range effects of a pathogenic mutation affecting calcium binding to cbEGF19 are observed, and secretion of this mutant protein occurs. Further NMR studies on wild-type cbEGF12-13 and cbEGF12-14 identify a co-operative dependence of domain folding where calcium binding to cbEGF13 is required before cbEGF12 can adopt a native Ca(2+)-dependent fold. These data demonstrate that during biosynthesis of fibrillin-1, multiple tandem repeats of cbEGF domains may not necessarily fold independently and therefore missense mutations resulting in identical substitutions may have different effects on the fate of the mutant protein. Complex folding of modular proteins should therefore be considered when interpreting the molecular pathology of single-gene disorders.
Hum Mol Genet 2007 Apr 15
PMID:Cellular and molecular studies of Marfan syndrome mutations identify co-operative protein folding in the cbEGF12-13 region of fibrillin-1. 1732 63

The intracellular mechanism of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signalling via kinase receptors and SMAD effectors is firmly established, but recent studies of human cardiovascular syndromes such as Marfan syndrome and pre-eclampsia have refocused attention on the importance of regulating the availability of active extracellular TGFbeta. It seems that elastic extracellular matrix (ECM) components have a crucial role in controlling TGFbeta signalling, while soluble and membrane bound forms of TGFbeta co-receptors add further layers of regulation. Together, these extracellular interactions determine the final bioavailability of TGFbeta to vascular cells, and dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of vascular pathologies.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007 Nov
PMID:Extracellular control of TGFbeta signalling in vascular development and disease. 1789 99

Fibrillins constitute the major backbone of multifunctional microfibrils in elastic and nonelastic extracellular matrices. Proper assembly mechanisms are central to the formation and function of these microfibrils, and their properties are often compromised in pathological circumstances such as in Marfan syndrome and in other fibrillinopathies. Here, we have used human dermal fibroblasts to analyze the assembly of fibrillin-1 in dependence of other matrix-forming proteins. siRNA knockdown experiments demonstrated that the assembly of fibrillin-1 is strictly dependent on the presence of extracellular fibronectin fibrils. Immunolabeling performed at the light and electron microscopic level showed colocalization of fibrillin-1 with fibronectin fibrils at the early stages of the assembly process. Protein-binding assays demonstrated interactions of fibronectin with a C-terminal region of fibrillin-1, -2, and -3 and with an N-terminal region of fibrillin-1. The C-terminal half of fibrillin-2 and -3 had propensities to multimerize, as has been previously shown for fibrillin-1. The C-terminal of all three fibrillins interacted strongly with fibronectin as multimers, but not as monomers. Mapping studies revealed that the major binding interaction between fibrillins and fibronectin involves the collagen/gelatin-binding region between domains FNI(6) and FNI(9).
Mol Biol Cell 2009 Feb
PMID:Fibrillin assembly requires fibronectin. 1903

Elastic system fibers are composed of two distinct elements, elastin, which is an amorphous component crosslinked in the core, and microfibril, localized in the periphery of elastin. As microfibrillar proteins, fibrillins, microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs), latent TGF-beta-binding proteins (LTBPs), microfibril-associated proteins (MFAPs), and fibulins are known. Fibrillin-1 is a major microfibrillar protein and characterized by calcium binding EGF-like (cbEGF) domain. Association between fibrillin-1 and TGF-beta is a recent topic of this field and this interaction is known to inactivate and target TGF-beta action. FBN1 encoding fibrillin-1 is a responsible gene for Marfan syndrome type 1 (MIM #154700), characterized by increased height and long limbs, ectopia lentis, and cardiovascular disorders, such as mitral valve prolapse and aortic dilation and regurgitation. Animal models suggest that the abnormal TGF-beta signaling is underlying as the pathogenesis of these conditions. Besides skeletal, ocular and cardiovascular conditions, severe periodontitis is frequently seen in affected patients. To clarify the unknown function of elastic system fibers in the periodontal ligament (PDL), PDL-cells were isolated from a Marfan syndrome type 1 patient who was with the severe periodontitis and had a mutation in one of the cbEGF domain of fibrillin-1. These results suggested that wild-type fibrillin-1 was required for the normal cell alignment and tissue architecture of PDLs. Evidences are now accumulated to suggest that fibrillin-1 is one of the molecule involved in the interaction between cell and extracellular matrix.
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2009 Jul 15
PMID:Marfan syndrome and its disorder in periodontal tissues. 1919 46

A predisposing weakness of the vessel wall has been assumed in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections (sCAD). Skin biopsies from many patients with sCAD show mild connective tissue alterations. However, their assessment depends on an invasive and highly specialized technique. Clinical signs of connective tissue disease are absent in the majority of CAD patients. In this review we document that only very few CAD patients are affected by known inherited connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome or Osteogenesis Imperfecta. In a second part of this review we discuss the possible role of unrecognized or unknown forms of connective tissue disorders in the etiology of CAD.
Curr Mol Med 2009 Mar
PMID:The association of connective tissue disorders with cervical artery dissections. 1927 29

Fusarium secondary metabolites are structurally diverse, have a variety of activities and are generally poorly understood biosynthetically. The F. fujikuroi polyketide synthase gene bik1 was previously shown to be responsible for formation of the mycelial pigment bikaverin. Here we present the characterization of five genes adjacent to bik1 as encoding a putative FAD-dependent monooxygenase (bik2), an O-methyltransferase (bik3), an NmrA-like protein (bik4), a Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor (bik5) and an MFS transporter (bik6). Deletion of each gene resulted in total loss or significant reduction of bikaverin synthesis. Expression studies revealed that all bik genes are repressed by high amounts of nitrogen in an AreA-independent manner and are subject to a time- and pH-dependent regulation. Deletion of the pH regulatory gene pacC resulted in partial derepression while complementation with a dominant active allele resulted in repression of bik genes at acidic ambient pH. Transcription of all bik genes in strains lacking bik1, bik2 or bik3 was essentially eliminated, while transcription of some bik genes was detected in strains lacking bik4, bik5 or bik6. Thus, bikaverin synthesis is regulated by a complex regulatory network. Understanding how different factors influence the synthesis of this model secondary metabolite will aid understanding secondary metabolism in general.
Mol Microbiol 2009 May
PMID:Biosynthesis of the red pigment bikaverin in Fusarium fujikuroi: genes, their function and regulation. 1940 Jul 79

We report on the clinical and molecular findings of a patient who presented alopecia, epicanthus, micrognathia, retrognathia, high arched palate, hypertelorism, Chiari type I malformation, mixed-type hearing loss but with normal heartbeat Q-T interval, malformed earlobes, down-slanted palpebral fissures, downturned corners of the mouth, syndactyly, atopic eczema, and seizures. The patient was a male adult, 23 years old, with short stature (153 cm) and low weight (50.5 kg), due to severe aortic insufficiency and dilatation of the ascending aorta. Conventional cytogenetic screening did not show any chromosomal gains or losses. Molecular genetic screening was conducted for gene mutations involved in various syndromes; the mutations found included [beta-fibrinogen -455 G>A wt/wt (wt/mut), PAI-1 4G/5G (4G/4G), HPA1 a/b (a/a), MTHFR C677T wt/wt (wt/mut), ACE I/D (I/I), and Apo E E3/E4]. Many clinical and molecular genetics findings overlapped with other conditions associated with arterial tortuosity and arterial aneurysms, including the Marfan, Ehler-Danlos, Shprintzen-Goldberg, and Loeys-Dietz syndromes. Although a diagnosis of Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome was based on clinical findings and radiographic findings indicate other syndromes, aortic root dilatation seems to be a new symptom, similar to phenotypes of connective tissue disorders. The unique grouping of clinical manifestations in this patient and the molecular genetics findings lead us to suggest that this case could be an example of a previously unrecognized syndrome.
Genet Mol Res 2009 Apr 14
PMID:A patient with ascending aortic dilatation, similar to phenotypes of connective tissue disorders. 1955 29

We here describe the application of novel programs that allow definition of phylogenetic relationships in transport protein superfamilies. These programs are used to provide information about the four major superfamilies of secondary carriers that include members that export hydrophobic and amphipathic compounds including drugs. These novel programs must be used when sequence divergence among superfamily members is too great to allow construction of reliable multiple alignments. We test the validity and demonstrate the reliability of these trees by conducting comparative analyses. We examine all of the largest superfamilies of secondary drug efflux pumps found in nature, the MOP, DMT, RND, and MFS superfamilies. Depending on the superfamily, phylogenetic clustering of the families and individual members of these families can occur according to organismal source, substrate type, polarity of transport, and/or mode of transport. In this chapter we define the phylogenetic relationships of sequence divergent drug exporters. The programs developed should be applicable to all classes of proteins and nucleic acids.
Methods Mol Biol 2010
PMID:Multidrug resistance: phylogenetic characterization of superfamilies of secondary carriers that include drug exporters. 2041 29


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